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. 2024 Nov 13;14:27878. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79049-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Individual and interactive modifying associations of SDNN and post-injury surgical intervention status with any posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over 2-years in 538 patients with physical injuries. ^aOdds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were calculated using binary logistic regression; ^binteractive modifying associations were estimated using multinomial logistic regression between higher (> 22 ms) vs. lower (≤ 22 ms) SDNN and/or received vs. not received post-injury surgical interventions at baseline on development of any PTSD over 2-years, adjusted for age, sex, education, previous psychiatric disorders, previous traumatic events, number of physical disorders, scores on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and heart rate. *P < 0.05.