Table 1.

Main causes of symptomatic Parkinson syndromes

Classification	Causes (examples)
Hydrocephalus	E.g., normal pressure hydrocephalus
Drug-induced Parkinson syndrome	E.g., antidopaminergics, metoclopramide, and many others
Metabolic causes	E.g., Wilson’s disease
Cerebrovascular lesions	E.g., strategic infarctions or chronic vascular encephalopathy
Neoplastic lesions	E.g., midline-associated tumors
Encephalitic/post-encephalitic lesions	E.g., HIV encephalitis, encephalitis lethargica
Toxin-induced lesions	E.g., poisoning with carbon monoxide, carbon disulfide, cyanide, manganese, methanol, MPTP, MDMA
Traumatically induced lesions	E.g., chronic traumatic encephalopathy or acute shear injuries