Table 2.
Univariate analysis for the association between PTSD and psychological distress and determinant factors
PTSD |
PD |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
||
Variables |
COR |
COR |
COR |
COR |
|
Age |
15–25 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
26–35 |
1.7 (1.4, 2.1) |
1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
1.7 (1.3, 2.2) |
1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
|
36–45 |
3.2 (2.6, 4.0) |
2.8 (2.3, 3.4) |
2.8 (2.1, 3.7) |
2.8 (2.3, 3.4) |
|
46–55 |
3.2 (2.4, 4.1) |
3.2 (2.5, 4.0) |
2.7 (1.9, 3.7) |
3.2 (2.5, 4.0) |
|
56–80 |
3.3 (2.4, 4.3) |
2.2 (1.6, 2.9) |
2.2 (1.5, 3.2) |
2.2 (1.6, 2.9) |
|
Marital status |
Married |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Separated |
0.7 (0.4, 1.3) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.2) |
1.3 (0.7, 2.5) |
2.2 (1.4, 3.4) |
|
Divorced |
0.8 (0.3, 1.8) |
0.3 (0.01, 0.7) |
1.7 (0.7, 3.8) |
1.4 (1.1, 2.1) |
|
Widowed |
0.3 (0.1, 0.8) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.5) |
0.4 (0.1, 1.3) |
1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
|
Never married |
0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
0.4 (0.5, 1.21) |
0.6 (0.5, 0.8) |
0.6 (0.5, 0.8) |
|
Pre-arrival education |
Never attended school |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
<6 years of school |
1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
1.1 (0.8, 1.5) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
|
6–12 years of school |
1.4 (1.2, 1.8) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.3) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
|
Trade/Technical qualification |
2.3 (1.7, 3.2) |
1.6 (1.2, 2.1) |
1.8 (1.2, 2.6) |
1.6 (1.2, 2.2) |
|
University degree |
2.1 (1.6, 2.7) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
1.4 (1.02, 2.02) |
1.2 (0.9, 1.5) |
|
Origin of country |
Middle East |
1.9 (1.4, 2.6) |
1.8 (1.4, 2.5) |
2.3 (1.5, 3.5) |
1.8 (1.3, 2.5) |
Central Asia |
0.4 (0.3, 0.6) |
1.1 (0.7, 1.4) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
1.0 (0.7, 1.4) |
|
Southern Asia |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
|
South-East Asia |
0.6 (0.3, 0.9) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.6) |
0.3 (0.2, 0.8) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.6) |
|
Africa |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
Financial hardship |
No |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1–2 |
1.9 (1.7, 2.2) |
1.7 (1.5, 2.0) |
2.5 (2.1, 3.0) |
1.7 (1.5, 2.02) |
|
3–4 |
2.5 (2.1, 3.1) |
2.8 (2.3, 3.4) |
4.7 (3.7, 5.9) |
2.8 (2.3, 3.4) |
|
5–6 |
2.8 (1.9, 4.1) |
3.4 (2.3, 4.9) |
5.2 (3.5, 7.8) |
3.4 (2.3, 4.9) |
|
Current employment |
Yes |
1 |
1.3 (1.0, 1.6) |
1.4 (1.1, 1.7) |
|
No |
1.6 (1.3, 1.9) |
1.35 (1.0, 1.7) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
Chronic health condition |
Yes |
2.4 (2.1, 2.8) |
1.8 (1.6, 2.1) |
4.5 (3.7, 5.5) |
3.3 (2.7, 3.9) |
No |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
Loneliness |
Yes |
1.49 (1.3, 1.7) |
1.8 (1.5, 2.1) |
2.03 (1.7, 2.4) |
1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
No |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
Community support |
Yes |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Some time |
1.2 (1.04, 1.4) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
0.8 (0.7, 1.0) |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
|
No |
1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
|
Trauma |
No |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
Yes |
2.2 (1.7, 2.9) |
3.4 (2.6, 4.6) |
2.1 (1.4, 3.1) |
3.4 (2.6, 4.6) |
|
Experience of discrimination |
Yes |
1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
1.0 |
1.9 (1.4,2.4) |
1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
No |
1.0 |
0.6 (0.5, 0.8) |
1.0 |
1.0 |
|
COR: crude odds ratio; sampling weights were applied to derive odds ratios.