Figure 1. Schematic Representation of Case-Case-Time-Control Study Design.

^aThe exclusion window was 5 years to 1 day before the index date. The comorbidities assessment window was 5 years before the index date to the baseline assessment window (day 0). The frailty assessment window was 2 years to 1 day before the index date.

^bIndex and reference periods were the exposure assessment periods for gabapentinoids and time-varying covariates (ie antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and opioids).