Table 1. Characteristics of All Eligible Patients, Patients Included, and Matched Future-Case-Controls.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | Standardized mean difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All eligible cases (N = 2946) | Cases included (n = 2644) | Matched controls (n = 12 920) | ||
| Age, y | 0.039 | |||
| 50-59 | 128 (4.3) | 109 (4.1) | 441 (3.4) | |
| 60-69 | 318 (10.8) | 281 (10.6) | 1356 (10.5) | |
| 70-79 | 748 (25.4) | 675 (25.5) | 3290 (25.5) | |
| 80-84 | 605 (20.5) | 536 (20.3) | 2667 (20.6) | |
| ≥85 | 1147 (38.9) | 1043 (39.4) | 5166 (40.0) | |
| Sex | 0.020 | |||
| Male | 847 (28.8) | 757 (28.6) | 3583 (27.7) | |
| Female | 2099 (71.2) | 1887 (71.4) | 9337 (72.3) | |
| HFRS | 0.002 | |||
| <5 | 1634 (55.5) | 1456 (55.1) | 7128 (55.2) | |
| ≥5 | 1312 (44.5) | 1188 (44.9) | 5792 (44.8) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Anxiety | 234 (7.9) | 210 (7.9) | 1029 (8.0) | 0.001 |
| Arthritis | 609 (20.7) | 546 (20.7) | 2755 (21.3) | 0.017 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 107 (3.6) | 99 (3.7) | 462 (3.6) | 0.009 |
| Cancer | 578 (19.6) | 514 (19.4) | 2616 (20.2) | 0.020 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1887 (64.1) | 1687 (63.8) | 8464 (65.5) | 0.036 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 299 (10.1) | 273 (10.3) | 1366 (10.6) | 0.008 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 915 (31.1) | 811 (30.7) | 4301 (33.3) | 0.056 |
| COPD/asthma | 416 (14.1) | 376 (14.2) | 1826 (14.1) | 0.003 |
| Delirium | 471 (16.0) | 424 (16.0) | 2074 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 129 (4.4) | 116 (4.4) | 630 (4.9) | 0.023 |
| Depression or other affective disorders | 192 (6.5) | 175 (6.6) | 830 (6.4) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes | 773 (26.2) | 704 (26.6) | 3484 (27.0) | 0.008 |
| Epilepsy/seizures | 88 (3.0) | 77 (2.9) | 351 (2.7) | 0.012 |
| Fall | 988 (33.5) | 881 (33.3) | 4455 (34.5) | 0.025 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 292 (9.9) | 262 (9.9) | 1235 (9.6) | 0.012 |
| Osteoporosis | 865 (29.4) | 776 (29.3) | 3820 (29.6) | 0.005 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 106 (3.6) | 100 (3.8) | 468 (3.6) | 0.008 |
| Previous vertebral fracture | 178 (6.0) | 155 (5.9) | 954 (7.4) | 0.061 |
| Visual disturbances and blindness | 100 (3.4) | 89 (3.4) | 413 (3.2) | 0.010 |
| Time-varying exposure | ||||
| Gabapentinoids | ||||
| Index period | 1313 (44.6) | 1208 (45.7) | 5927 (45.9) | 0.004 |
| Index period only | 425 (14.4) | 402 (15.2) | 1343 (10.4) | 0.144 |
| Reference period | 1107 (37.6) | 1011 (38.2) | 5499 (42.6) | 0.088 |
| Reference period only | 219 (7.4) | 205 (7.8) | 915 (7.1) | 0.026 |
| Antidepressants | ||||
| Index period | 1287 (43.7) | 1163 (44.0) | 4811 (37.2) | 0.138 |
| Reference period | 1191 (40.4) | 1077 (40.7) | 4672 (36.2) | 0.094 |
| Antipsychotics | ||||
| Index period | 180 (6.1) | 164 (6.2) | 582 (4.5) | 0.075 |
| Reference period | 147 (5.0) | 135 (5.1) | 519 (4.0) | 0.052 |
| Benzodiazepines | ||||
| Index period | 667 (22.6) | 609 (23.0) | 2647 (20.5) | 0.062 |
| Reference period | 648 (22.0) | 584 (22.1) | 2667 (20.6) | 0.035 |
| Opioids | ||||
| Index period | 1491 (50.6) | 1352 (51.1) | 5374 (41.6) | 0.192 |
| Reference period | 1329 (45.1) | 1208 (45.7) | 5195 (40.2) | 0.111 |
Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFRS, Hospital Frailty Risk Score.