Fig. 7.

PAE inhibits ROS accumulation and restores Δψm through AKT pathway activation. A DCFH-DA assay was performed to detect the intracellular ROS level in each group, bar = 200 μm. B JC-1staining was performed to evaluate the Δψm in each group, bar = 200 μm. C The inhibition of PAE on ROS overproduction was attenuated by MK-2206. D PAE suppressed the reduction of JC-1 aggregates ratio caused by MPP⁺, while MK-2206 blocked the effect of PAE. Results are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001, vs. control group, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001, vs. MPP⁺ treated group, ^{^^^}p < 0.001,^{^^^^}p < 0.0001, vs. MPP⁺ + PAE group