Table 4.
Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for incident dementia according to lung function measures at baseline, adjusted for potential confounders
| Quintiles of lung function measures | P-trend | Per SD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| FVC | |||||||
| ACD | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 1396/746 473 | 861/780 074 | 793/784 443 | 785/790 132 | 459/803 555 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0.77 (0.70–0.86) | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | 0.61 (0.53–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) |
| VD | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 318/746 473 | 197/780 073 | 173/784 443 | 166/790 132 | 93/803 555 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.64 (0.51–0.79) | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | 0.52 (0.39–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.67–0.83) |
| Alzheimer’s disease | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 640/746 473 | 374/780 074 | 311/784 443 | 319/790 132 | 211/803 555 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.77 (0.65–0.90) | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 0.02 | 0.87 (0.81–0.95) |
| FEV1/FVC | |||||||
| ACD | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 1284/761 443 | 1017/764 272 | 756/796 038 | 694/795 347 | 543/787 577 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) |
| VD | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 323/765 511 | 224/767 438 | 162/799 602 | 145/798 561 | 104/791 057 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.72 (0.60–0.88) | 0.74 (0.61–0.91) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) |
| Alzheimer’s disease | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 535/761 443 | 466/764 272 | 335/796 038 | 284/795 347 | 235/787 577 | ||
| Fully adjusted model | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.07 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) |
The multivariable model included age, sex, assessment centre, Townsend deprivation index, 12 potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia including education, hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, hypertension, alcohol >21 units per week, obesity, smoking, depression, social isolation, physical inactivity, air pollution and diabetes and APOE4 alleles. Analysis of FVC was additionally adjusted for height. Of participants included in genetic analyses, after excluding 120 participants with dementia at baseline, 4337 cases of incident ACD were included in these analyses, including 1882 cases of incident Alzheimer’s disease and 958 cases of VD.