Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Primary Studies.

Author	Year	Design	Journal	Domain	Facial aesthetic procedure	Procedure details	Risk of bias	FACE-Q Aesthetic Scales			Time horizon
								Face overall	Psychological	Social
An et al 13	2022	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Rhinoplasty with full-face fat transfer	High	✓			NR
Berenguer et al 14	2022	Observational	J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.	Surgical	Forehead lift	Primary isolated aesthetic forehead reduction	Low		✓	✓	NR
Berger et al 15	2019	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Surgical	Facelift	SMAS Rhytidectomy	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	12 months
Burks et al 16	2022	Observational	Laryngoscope	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Group A: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement and component dorsal hump reduction Group B: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement	Some concerns			✓	NR
Chen et al 17	2021	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Surgical	Blepharoplasty	Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty	High			✓	11 months
Denadai et al 18	2019	Observational	J Clin Med.	Surgical	Orthognathic surgery	Orthognathic surgery	Low	✓	✓	✓	12 months
Denadai et al 19	2020	Observational	Plast Reconstr Surg.	Surgical	Orthognathic surgery	Orthognathic surgery	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	NR
Domela Nieuwenhuis et al 20	2022	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Surgical	Upper blepharoplasty	Upper blepharoplasty	Some concerns	✓	✓		12 months
Fuller et al 21	2019	Observational	JAMA Facial Plast Surg.	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft placement	High			✓	6 months
Gualdi et al 22	2017	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Minimal undermining suspension technique	High	✓	✓	✓	12 months
Hismi et al 23	2021	Observational	Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Group A: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft and alar rim graft Group B: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft and lateral crural strut graft Group C: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft	High			✓	NR
Hollander et al 24	2022	RCT	Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg	Surgical	Upper blepharoplasty	Group A: Upper blepharoplasty with orbicularis oculi muscle excision Group B: Upper blepharoplasty	Low	✓		✓	12 months
Liu et al 25	2019	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Surgical	Hair transplant	Follicle unit extraction	Some concerns	✓			6 months
Schwitzer et al 26	2015	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Group A: Women Group B: Men	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	7 months
Schwitzer et al 27	2015	Observational	Plast Reconstr Surg.	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Rhinoplasty	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	5 months
Soni et al 28	2020	Observational	J Laryngol Otol.	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Rhinoplasty	High	✓	✓	✓	6 months
Tan et al 29	2020	Observational	J Craniomaxillofac Surg.	Surgical	Orthognathic surgery	Group A: Orthognathic surgery for dento-skeletal class II patients Group B: Orthognathic surgery for dento-skeletal class III patients	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	16 months
Tuin et al 30	2022	Observational	Plast Reconstr Surg.	Surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Facial fat grafting	Low	✓	✓	✓	12 months
Wang et al 31	2018	Observational	Ann Plast Surg.	Surgical	Facelift	Subcutaneous face and neck lift	Some concerns	✓	✓	✓	12 months
Wang et al 32	2021	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Surgical	Facelift	Periauricular purse-string reinforced with SMAS plication and malar fat pad elevation	Some concerns	✓			11 months
Weitzman et al 33	2021	Observational	Laryngoscope	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Group A: Septorhinoplasty with extended spreader graft Group B: Septorhinoplasty with standard spreader graft	High			✓	NR
Weitzman et al 34	2022	Observational	Laryngoscope	Surgical	Rhinoplasty	Group A: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft with upper lateral cartilage release Group B: Septorhinoplasty with spreader graft	High			✓	NR
Cohen et al 35	2022	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	OnabotulinumtoxinA for dynamic rhytids, hyaluronic acid filler for volume restoration and/or for lines and folds, bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03% for eyelash hypotrichosis	High		✓	✓	4 months
Hersant et al 36	2017	Observational	Lasers Surg Med.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Er:YAG + SMA lazer	High	✓			6 months
Iorio et al 37	2012	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	OnabotulinumtoxinA and hyaluronic acid filler	High	✓			1 week
Kerscher et al 38	2022	Observational	Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Cell-free blood secretome	High	✓	✓	✓	48 weeks
McKeown et al 39	2021	Observational	Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Hyaluronic acid filler and/or with onabotulinumtoxinA	High		✓	✓	2 weeks
Ogilvie et al 40	2020	RCT	Aesthet Surg J.	Non-surgical	Chin augmentation	Hyaluronic acid filler	High		✓		18 months
Ozer et al 41	2019	Observational	J Craniofac Surg.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Micro-autologous fat transplantation with platelet-rich plasma injection	High	✓			9 months
Ozer et al 42	2021	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Autologous biologic vitamin-C-added filler	High	✓	✓	✓	4 months
Qureshi et al 43	2017	Observational	Aesthetic Plast Surg.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	onabotulinumtoxinA/incobotulinumtoxinA and/or soft-tissue filler	High	✓	✓	✓	1 month
Santorelli et al 44	2021	Observational	J Cosmet Dermatol.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Thread suspension technique	High	✓			6 months
Tebbens et al 45	2019	Observational	J Sex Med.	Non-surgical	Facial feminization/ masculinization	Group A: Transwomen Group B: Transmen	Low	✓			12 months
Van Dongen et al 46	2021	RCT	Aesthet Surg J.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	Group A: Lipofilling + platelet-rich plasma + tissue stromal vascular fraction Group B: Lipofilling + platelet-rich plasma	High		✓	✓	12 months
Weinkle et al 47	2018	Observational	Aesthet Surg J.	Non-surgical	Facial rejuvenation	OnabotulinumtoxinA for dynamic rhytids, hyaluronic acid filler for volume restoration and/or for lines and folds, bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03% for eyelash hypotrichosis	High	✓			4 months

RCT, Randomized control trial; NR, Not reported.