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. 2024 Jun 13;36(12):601–616. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxae035

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Society for Immunology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Figure 3. — The role of the Kyn pathway in immune regulation. (A) In DSS-induced colitis, kynurenine via the intestinal epithelial AHR leads to an increase in IL-10 receptor-1 (IL-10R1) expression. This consequently exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through IL-10 signaling. (B) The IDO1-AHR axis in the induction of infection resistance upregulates TGF-β and induces Tregs. (C) The collaborative interaction between TGF-β and AHR plays a pivotal role in the transdifferentiation process of Th17 cells, leading to the generation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells and Foxp3⁺ Treg cells.