Table 1.

Characteristics of the enrolled patients with DM. Variables are expressed as number (%), means ± s.d., or medians (interquartile ranges).

	T1DM (n = 76)	T2DM (n = 575)	P
Age, years	60 ± 14	65 ± 13	0.001
Sex, men	31 (40.8)	312 (54.3)	0.028
BMI	23 ± 4	25 ± 4	<0.001
Systolic BP, mmHg	135 ± 16	139 ± 18	0.044
Diastolic BP, mmHg	77 ± 11	78 ± 12	0.381
Heart rate, per min	81 ± 13	81 ± 14	0.956
Current smoking habit	10 (13.5)	111 (17.5)	0.510
Alcohol drinking habit	17 (23.0)	160 (25.6)	0.672
Duration of DM, years	12 (5–26)	14 (6–22)	0.939
Family history
DM	36 (47.4)	339 (59.0)	0.064
Comorbidity
Hypertension	47 (61.8)	422 (73.4)	0.041
Cardiovascular disease	15 (19.7)	209 (36.4)	0.014
Medication
Anti-diabetic drugs
Insulin	76 (100)	212 (36.9)	<0.001
GLP-1 analogs	1 (1.3)	31 (5.4)	0.160
Sulfonylureas	0 (0)	166 (28.9)	<0.001
Biguanides	11 (14.5)	309 (53.7)	<0.001
α-glucosidase inhibitors	5 (6.6)	95 (16.5)	0.026
DPP-4 inhibitors	18 (23.7)	414 (72.0)	<0.001
Glinides	0 (0)	49 (8.5)	0.004
SGLT2 inhibitors	0 (0)	10 (1.7)	0.616
Anti-dyslipidemic drugs
Statin	29 (38.2)	302 (52.5)	0.020
Biochemical data
Total protein, g/dL	7.2 ± 0.4	7.3 ± 0.5	0.018
AST, IU/L	21 (17–25)	21 (17–28)	0.378
ALT, IU/L	18 (13–23)	19 (14–28)	0.017
γGTP, IU/L	21 (15–39)	25 (18–46)	0.007
BUN, mg/dL	17 ± 7	17 ± 8	0.977
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.72 (0.60–0.90)	0.80 (0.64–1.00)	0.114
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	70 ± 25	67 ± 23	0.274
Uric acid, mg/dL	4.8 ± 1.5	5.4 ± 1.3	<0.001
TC, mg/dL	190 ± 30	182 ± 36	0.050
LDL-C, mg/dL	112 ± 23	105 ± 29	0.073
HDL-C, mg/dL	63 ± 17	51 ± 14	< 0.001
Non-HDL-C, mg/dL	127 ± 26	130 ± 33	0.430
Triglycerides, mg/dL	75 (52–100)	109 (77–169)	<0.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.07 (0.05–0.13)	0.11 (0.06–0.20)	0.009
Glucose, mg/dL	173 (115–218)	140 (118–171)	0.047
Hemoglobin A1c, %	7.4 (6.7–8.1)	7.1 (6.5–7.9)	0.097
C-peptide, ng/mL	0.15 (0.15–0.71)	1.69 (1.12–2.54)	<0.001
TNFR1, ng/mL	1.33 (108–1.79)	1.61 (1.28–2.18)	<0.001
TNFR2, ng/mL	2.95 (2.38–4.04)	3.43 (2.74–4.56)	0.005
FABP4, ng/mL	14.1 (9.0–17.3)	17.6 (11.6–24.4)	0.001

ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; γGTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2; TC, total cholesterol; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.