Table 1.
The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in POP clinical and preclinical research. Symbols ↑ indicated up-regulation, ↓ down-regulation, and ↔ no change
| Mesh/inhibitor/influencer | Target | Study type | Site of insertion/Sample | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S-nitros- oglutathione (GSNO) coating PP mesh | IL-1 and TNF | Preclinical | The abdominal wall between the hypodermis and the anterior fascia of the abdominal musculature | IL-1 and TNF↓ | (Prudente et al. 2017) |
| Small intestinal submucosa (SIS)/PP mesh | IL-1β and IL-6 | Preclinical | Pelvic sub- mucosa | IL-1β and IL-6↓ | (Ge et al. 2016) |
| standard-weight (SW) and lightweight (LW) PP meshes | IL-1 and TNF-α | Preclinical | Abdomen | IL-1/TNF-α↔ | (Bronzatto and Riccetto 2018) |
| Restorelle mesh (Coloplast, Humblebaek, Denmark) | IL-10 | Preclinical | Vagina | IL-10↑ | (Brown et al. 2015) |
| Bacterial cellulose (BC) mesh | IL-2a/IL-4/IL-10 and TNF-α | Preclinical | Vagina | IL-4↓ and IL-2a/IL-10 and TNF-α↔ | (Ai et al. 2020a) |
| Poly L-lactic acid-co-poly e-caprolactone nanofibrous mesh with endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells | IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-4a/IL-6 | Clinical | Endometrial biopsies | IL-1β and TNF-α↔, IL-4a/IL-6↑ | (Mukherjee et al. 2020) |
| Chitosan biomaterial and PP mesh | IL-6/IL-10 | Preclinical | Mucosa of the anterior vaginal wall | IL-6↑and IL-10↓ | (Stangel-Wójcikiewicz et al. 2024) |
| Titanized polypropylene lightweight mesh (TiLOOP Mesh) | IL-4/IL-10/IL-12/TNF-α | Preclinical | Vagina | IL-10 and TNF-α↓ and IL-4 and IL-12a↔ | (Ai et al. 2020b) |
| Core-sheath polystyrene/ gelatin electrospun nanofiber mesh | IL-10/IFN-γ | Preclinical | Vagina | IL-10 and IFN-γ↑ | (Ge et al. 2015) |
| PP mesh | TGF-β | Preclinical | Vagina | TGF-β↑ | (Artsen et al. 2019) |
| Laparoscopic pelvic floor reconstruction without mesh | IL-1p3/TNF-α | Clinical | Blood | IL-1p3 and TNF-α↓ | (Wu et al. 2022) |
| Pessary insertion | IL-1β/IL-4/IL-10/IL-12p70/TNF-α/IFN-γ | Clinical | Vaginal swab samples | IL-1β/IL-4/IL-10/IL-12p70/TNF-α/IFN-γ↑ | (Kim et al. 2023) |
| Local estrogen therapy (LET) | IL-1/IL-6/IL-8/IL-16 and IFN-γ | Clinical | Vaginal tissue samples | IL-6/IL-16 and TNF-γ↑ and IL-1 and IL-8 ↔ | (Tyagi et al. 2019) |
| MiR-138 | IL-1β | Preclinical | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | IL-1β↓ | (Zhao et al. 2021a) |
| Pue-loaded GelMA (Pue@GelMA) | IL-3/IL-6/TGF-β1/TNF-α > 1 | Preclinical and clinical | rabbit abdominal wall tissue samples and anterior and posterior vaginal walls of human tissue | IL-3, IL-6↓, TNF-α, TGF-β1 > 1↑ | (Qin et al. 2020) |
| Age-related enzyme klotho | IL-6 | Clinical | Pelvic floor fibroblasts | IL-6↓ | (Qiu et al. 2019) |
| Knockdown of early growth response 2 | TGF-β | Clinical | Anterior vaginal wall tissues | TGF-β↑ | (Jin et al. 2024) |
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid/ polycaprolactone (PLGA /PCL) | IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-8/ TGF-β | Clinical | Cell-seeded samples | IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8↓ and TGF-β↑ | (Vashaghian et al. 2019) |
| PP mesh | IFN-ϒ | Preclinical | Blood and Vaginal tissue | IFN-ϒ↑ | (Liang et al. 2022) |
| Pelvic floor electrical stimulation (ES) | IFN-γ, IL-2/IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 A, and TNF-α | Clinical | Blood | IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 A, and TNF-α↓ and IL-6↑ | (Zhang et al. 2022b) |
| Exosomes derived from BMSCs treated with TNF- α | IL-6/TNF-α | Clinical/preclinical | Vaginal wall tissues | IL-6 and TNF-α↓ | (Zhou et al. 2024) |