Table 2.
The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in UI clinical and preclinical research. Symbols ↑ indicated up-regulation, ↓ down-regulation, and ↔ no change
| Inhibitor/influencer | Target | Study type | Sample | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 | TNF-α/IL-6, IL-8/IL-10 /IL-12 (p70) | Clinical | Urine and blood | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 (p70) ↓ | (Anukam et al. 2009) |
| Yoga | IL-6/TNF-α | Clinical | Blood | TNF-α↓ and IL-6↔ | (Tenfelde et al. 2020) |
| Pessary-wearing | IL-6/TNF-α/IL1β | Clinical | Vaginal swabs | IL-1β/IL-6 and TNF-α↑ | (Ramaseshan et al. 2022) |
| Physical rehabilitation therapy combined with shixiao powder and siwu decoction | IL-10 | Clinical | Medical records | IL-10↓ | (Han et al. 2018) |
| Punicalagin (PUN; 2,3-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-gallagyl-D- glucose) | TGF-β | Preclinical | Vaginal tissue | TGF-β↑ | (Tang et al. 2017b) |
| Electrical stimulation | TGF-β | Preclinical | Vaginal tissue | TGF-β↑ | (Li et al. 2019b) |
| Electrical stimulation | TGF-β | Preclinical | Anterior vaginal wall specimens | TGF-β↑ | (Min et al. 2017b) |
| Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) | TGF-β | Preclinical | Vaginal wall tissue and blood | TGF-β/Smad3↓ | (Liu et al. 2022) |
| Electrical stimulation | TGF-β | Clinical | Female vaginal wall fibroblasts cells | TGF-β↑ | (Li et al. 2019a) |
| Puerarin pretreatment | TGF-β | Preclinical | Anterior vaginal tissues | Nrf2/TGF-β1↑ | (Li et al. 2022b) |
| Periurethral and intravenous injection of adipose-derived stem cells | TGF-β1 | Preclinical | Urethra specimen | TGF-β1↓↑ | (Li et al. 2022a) |
| MSCs | CCL7 and CCR1 | Pre-clinical | Periurethral tissues | CCR1-overexpressing MSCs and CCL7 can increase engraftment of MSCs and promote the functional recovery of simulated birth trauma-induced SUI in rats | (Jiang et al. 2020) |
| CXCL12 injection | CXCL12 | Pre-clinical | Periurethral and urogenital tissues | CXCL-12 was feasible and improved the UI | (Zambon et al. 2018; Khalifa et al. 2020) |
| ADSCs injection | CXCL12/CXCR4 | Pre-clinical | Urethral tissues | The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is involved in the migration of ADSCs and may play a role in the migration of ADSCs in SUI | (Li et al. 2024a) |
| Chitin-based hydrogel loaded with fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)/SDF-1(CXCL12) | CXCL12 | Pre-clinical | Urethral tissue | It slowly releases factors and promotes the homing of MSCs in vivo, which can improve the local microenvironment, increase collagen deposition, repair the tissue around the urethra and finally improve SUI | (Yang et al. 2023) |