Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of pregnant women by glycemic status
| Characteristics | Total (n = 167) | Non-IR (n = 118) | IR (n = 40) | p | Non-GDM (n = 137) | GDM (n = 30) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gestation at enrolment, weeks | 20.3 ± 0.5 | 20.3 ± 0.4 | 20.4 ± 0.8 | 0.393 | 20.31 ± 0.5 | 20.5 ± 0.8 | 0.293 |
| Age, years | 31.7 ± 4.2 | 32.1 ± 4.3 | 30.8 ± 3.7 | 0.063 | 31.5 ± 4.1 | 32.8 ± 4.5 | 0.152 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.541 | 0.781 | |||||
| Chinese | 142 (85.0) | 102 (86.4) | 33 (82.5) | 116 (84.7) | 26 (86.7) | ||
| Non-Chinese | 25 (15.0) | 16 (13.6) | 7 (17.5) | 21 (15.3) | 4 (13.3) | ||
| Education, years | 14.7 ± 2.2 | 14.5 ± 2.3 | 14.0 ± 1.9 | 0.012 | 14.7 ± 2.1 | 14.6 ± 3.0 | 0.766 |
| Parity, n (%) | 0.870 | 0.455 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 107 (64.1) | 75 (63.6) | 26 (65.0) | 86 (62.8) | 21 (70.0) | ||
| Multiparous | 60 (35.9) | 43 (36.4) | 14 (35.0) | 51 (37.2) | 9 (30.0) | ||
| History of GDM or family history of diabetes, n (%) | 0.711 | 0.864 | |||||
| No or not applicable | 126 (75.4) | 88 (74.6) | 31 (77.5) | 103 (75.2) | 23 (76.7) | ||
| Yes | 41 (24.6) | 30 (25.4) | 9 (22.5) | 34 (24.8) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9 ± 3.9 | 22.0 ± 3.4 | 25.3 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 22.8 ± 4.0 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 0.335 |
| Irregular meal, n (%) | 0.131 | 0.864 | |||||
| No | 130 (77.8) | 96 (81.4) | 28 (70.0) | 107 (78.1) | 23 (76.7) | ||
| Yes | 37 (22.2) | 22 (18.6) | 12 (30.0) | 30 (21.9) | 7 (23.3) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | 0.200 | 0.338 | |||||
| Active (≥ 600 MET-min/week) | 123 (73.7) | 82 (69.5) | 32 (80.0) | 103 (75.2) | 20 (66.7) | ||
| Inactive (< 600 MET-min/week) | 44 (26.3) | 36 (30.5) | 8 (20.0) | 34 (24.8) | 10 (33.3) |
Continuous data are presented in mean ± SD and categorical data are presented in frequency and percentages. Nine women without IR status data were excluded. IR insulin resistance based on HOMA2-IR at least 1.22. GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus based on 2013 WHO criteria, BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent of task
p-value derived from independent t-test or Pearson’s Chi-squared test, as appropriate