Table 1.
Demographic and perioperative characteristics of study participants, stratified by presence of preoperative chronic pain.
| Variables | All patients (N = 193) | Preexisting chronic pain | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 112) | Yes (N = 81) | P | ||
| Age (in y) | 45.77 ± 14.84 | 43.76 ± 15.01 | 48.55 ± 14.23 | 0.026 |
| Female | 150 (78%) | 86 (77%) | 64 (79%) | 0.714 |
| Occupation | ||||
| Homemaker | 108 (56%) | 61 (55%) | 47 (58%) | |
| Farmer | 34 (18%) | 18 (16%) | 16 (20%) | 0.777 |
| Job holder | 32 (16%) | 21 (19%) | 11 (13%) | |
| Business | 10 (5%) | 7 (6%) | 3 (4%) | |
| Unemployed | 9 (5%) | 5 (4%) | 4 (5%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Aryan | 123 (64%) | 70 (62%) | 53 (65%) | 0.676 |
| Mongol | 70 (36%) | 42 (38%) | 28 (35%) | |
| Education | 0.170 | |||
| Secondary to below | 36 (19%) | 18 (16%) | 18 (22%) | |
| Higher secondary | 125 (65%) | 71 (63%) | 54 (67%) | |
| Bachelor and above | 32 (16%) | 23 (21%) | 9 (11%) | |
| Married | 185 (96%) | 106 (95%) | 79 (98%) | 0.321 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.33 ± 4.06 | 27.45 ± 3.89 | 27.21 ± 4.46 | 0.592 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Lower | 10 (5%) | 7 (6%) | 3 (4%) | |
| Upper lower | 177 (92%) | 101 (90%) | 76 (94%) | 0.662 |
| Middle lower | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Upper middle | 2 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0 | |
| ASA class | 0.002 | |||
| 1 | 78 (40%) | 56 (50%) | 22 (27%) | |
| 2 | 113 (59%) | 55 (49%) | 58 (72%) | |
| 3 | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1) | |
| Insurance coverage | 0.887 | |||
| Government | 175 (90%) | 100 (89%) | 75 (93%) | |
| Private | 5 (3%) | 3 (3%) | 2 (2%) | |
| Workers' compensation | 5 (3%) | 4 (3.5%) | 1 (1%) | |
| None | 8 (4%) | 4 (4.5%) | 3 (4%) | |
| Alcoholic | 34 (18%) | 15 (13%) | 19 (23%) | 0.070 |
| Smoker | 21 (11%) | 9 (8%) | 12 (14%) | 0.136 |
| Charlson index scores (0–33) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 29 (15%) | 9 (8%) | 20 (25%) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 53 (27%) | 23 (21%) | 30 (37%) | 0.011 |
| Preoperative analgesic used | <0.001 | |||
| Paracetamol | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | |
| NSAIDS | 44 (23%) | 10 (9%) | 34 (42%) | |
| Gabapentenoids | 4 (2%) | 0 | 4 (5%) | |
| None | 142 (73%) | 101 (90%) | 41 (51%) | |
| PROMIS pain intensity scores (3–15) | 5 (3–8) | 3 (3–3) | 8 (7–9) | <0.001 |
| PROMIS pain interference scores (6–30) | 16 (14–18) | 16 (14–18) | 16 (14–18) | 0.773 |
| PROMIS pain behavior scores (7–42) | 20 (16–24) | 18 (16–22) | 24 (18–26) | <0.001 |
| PROMIS depression scores (8–40) | 16 (14–22) | 16 (14–20) | 20 (14–18) | <0.001 |
| PROMIS sleep disturbance scores (8–40) | 16 (14–22) | 16 (14–20) | 20 (14–22) | <0.001 |
| APAIS score (6–30) | 8 (6–14) | 6.5 (6–9) | 13 (6–16) | <0.001 |
| Neuroticism (0–12) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–3) | <0.001 |
| PCS scores (0–52) | 4 (0–8) | 2 (0–5) | 7 (3–8) | <0.001 |
| Pain expectation (in NPRS) | 0.001 | |||
| Mild (0–3) | 120 (62%) | 82 (73%) | 38 (47%) | |
| Moderate (4–6) | 63 (33%) | 27 (24%) | 36 (44%) | |
| Severe (7–10) | 10 (5%) | 3 (3%) | 7 (9%) | |
| Pain sensitivity (in NPRS) | 0.003 | |||
| Mild (0–3) | 178 (92%) | 109 (97%) | 69 (85%) | |
| Moderate (4–6) | 12 (6%) | 2 (2%) | 10 (12%) | |
| Severe (7–10) | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | |
| IV fentanyl supplement needed | 79 (41%) | 37 (33%) | 42 (52%) | 0.009 |
| IV dexamethasone | 188 (97%) | 109 (97%) | 79 (98%) | 1 |
| IV lidocaine | 6 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 1 |
| IV esmolol | 19 (10%) | 12 (11%) | 7 (9%) | 0.633 |
| Parkland grading* | 0.020 | |||
| 1 | 44 (23%) | 30 (27%) | 14 (17%) | |
| 2 | 101 (52%) | 63 (56%) | 38 (47%) | |
| 3 | 33 (17%) | 12 (11%) | 21 (26%) | |
| 4 | 15 (8%) | 7 (6%) | 8 (10%) | |
| Incision extension for GB retrieval | 28 (15%) | 13 (12%) | 15 (19%) | 0.178 |
| Abdominal drain placement | 25 (13%) | 13 (12%) | 12 (15%) | 0.513 |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 40 (30–50) | 40 (30–50) | 45 (35–55) | 0.006 |
| Postoperative pain at rest (NPRS) | 11 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 7 (9%) | 0.207 |
| Postoperative pain at movement (NPRS) | 96 (50%) | 45 (40%) | 51 (63%) | 0.002 |
| Postoperative shoulder pain | 17 (9) | 9 (8%) | 8 (10%) | 0.656 |
| Total oral morphine equivalent (mg) up to 24 h | 0 (0–12) | 0 (0–6) | 6 (0–18) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (%).
Parkland grading scale: grade 1 = normal appearing gallbladder (GB), no adhesion present; grade 2 = minor adhesion at neck, otherwise normal GB; grade 3 = presence of any of the following (hyperemia, pericholecystic fluid, adhesions to the body, distended GB); grade 4 = presence of any of the following: adhesions obscuring majority of GB, grade1 to grade 3 with abnormal liver anatomy, intrahepatic GB, or impacted stone.
APAIS, Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologist; BMI, body mass index; IV, intravenous; NPRS, numerical pain rating scale; PCS, pain catastrophizing scale; PROMIS, patient-reported outcome measurement information system.