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. 2024 Nov 1;15:1487998. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1487998

Table 3.

Results of subgroup analyses of the effects of probiotics on hip BMD.

Subgroup Hip BMD
Effect size 95% CI I2 P value
T score < -2.5 No (n = 7) 1.04 0.19, 1.89 96.3% 0.016
Yes (n = 3) 0.17 -0.09, 0.42 0.0% 0.201
Intervention duration ≤ 6 months (n = 6) 0.50 -0.21, 1.22 91.0% 0.165
> 6 months (n = 4) 1.10 -0.02, 2.22 97.2% 0.054
Types of probiotics Single-strain (n = 4) 1.00 -0.15, 2.16 95.9% 0.088
Multiple-strain (n = 6) 0.58 -0.20, 1.35 94.4% 1.144
Region Asia (n =5) 0.61 -0.26, 1.50 92.5% 0.169
Europe (n = 5) 0.87 -0.03, 1.78 96.3% 0.059
Dosage of probiotics ≥1 x 10^9 CFU/d (n = 7) 1.04 0.19, 1.89 96.3% 0.016
< 1 x 10^8 CFU/d (n = 3) 0.17 -0.09, 0.42 0.0% 0.201

BMD, bone mineral density; CFU, colony forming unit; CI, confidence interval.