Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included cohorts (n = 1,378)*.
| Variables | Derivation cohort (n = 965) | Validation cohort (n = 413) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Women (N, %) | 549 (56.89) | 235 (56.90) | 0.99 |
| Age (Median ± SD) | 56.71 ± 11.58 | 55.89 ± 11.68 | 0.23 |
| Euro score II | 2.90 ± 2.64 | 2.96 ± 2.69 | 0.68 |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Smoking (N, %) | 223 (23.11) | 113 (27.36) | 0.09 |
| Drinking (N, %) | 163 (16.89) | 71 (17.19) | 0.89 |
| Hypertension (N, %) | 316 (32.75) | 139 (33.66) | 0.74 |
| Diabetes (N, %) | 84 (8.70) | 36 (8.72) | 0.99 |
| Hyperlipidemia (N, %) | 101 (10.47) | 26 (6.30) | 0.01 |
| CAD (N, %) | 170 (17.62) | 66 (15.98) | 0.46 |
| Syncope (N, %) | 17 (1.76) | 10 (2.42) | 0.42 |
| AF (N, %) | 357 (36.99) | 144 (34.87) | 0.45 |
| Pre-MI (N, %) | 28 (2.9) | 5 (1.21) | 0.06 |
| Pre-surgery (N, %) | 37 (3.83) | 16 (3.87) | 0.97 |
| Pre-valve surgery (N, %) | 7 (0.73) | 5 (1.21) | 0.37 |
| Renal insufficiency (N, %) | 18 (1.87) | 5 (1.21) | 0.39 |
| Infectious endocarditis (N, %) | 21 (2.18) | 7 (1.69) | 0.56 |
| Central nervous (N, %) | 72 (7.46) | 19 (4.60) | 0.05 |
| Lung disease (N, %) | 25 (2.59) | 7 (1.69) | 0.31 |
| Peripheral vd (N, %) | 9 (0.93) | 5 (1.21) | 0.64 |
| Imaging variables | |||
| LA (Median ± SD) | 38.72 ± 6.85 | 38.54 ± 6.40 | 0.67 |
| VST (Median ± SD) | 10.09 ± 1.85 | 10.03 ± 1.71 | 0.67 |
| LVEDD (Median ± SD) | 47.69 ± 6.04 | 47.67 ± 5.85 | 0.94 |
| LVESD (Median ± SD) | 32.94 ± 6.21 | 32.90 ± 6.01 | 0.91 |
| Lv thickness (Median ± SD) | 9.74 ± 1.50 | 9.72 ± 1.38 | 0.83 |
| LVEF (Median ± SD) | 57.16 ± 8.09 | 57.67 ± 7.31 | 0.30 |
| SPAP (Median ± SD) | 23.58 ± 8.00 | 23.61 ± 7.80 | 0.96 |
| TAPSE (Median ± SD) | 19.43 ± 0.09 | 19.27 ± 0.14 | 0.35 |
| Laboratory variables | |||
| NT-Pro BNP (Median ± SD) | 1090.59 ± 2078.55 | 1147.50 ± 3173.83 | 0.74 |
| CKMB (Median ± SD) | 52.51 ± 41.08 | 58.53 ± 47.27 | 0.02 |
| TNI (Median ± SD) | 5.15 ± 7.75 | 4.98 ± 5.68 | 0.69 |
| CRP (Median ± SD) | 25.48 ± 42.84 | 29.59 ± 46.07 | 0.16 |
| Cr (Median ± SD) | 72.09 ± 30.63 | 73.45 ± 37.84 | 0.49 |
| Hb (Median ± SD) | 102.83 ± 21.36 | 104.37 ± 20.49 | 0.23 |
| Lym (Median ± SD) | 1.42 ± 1.19 | 1.35 ± 0.95 | 0.30 |
| Neu (Median ± SD) | 10.24 ± 6.45 | 9.71 ± 4.35 | 0.13 |
| PLT (Median ± SD) | 150.49 ± 70.32 | 152.47 ± 76.33 | 0.65 |
| Surgical variables | |||
| Combined aortic surgery (N, %) | 28 (2.9) | 16 (3.87) | 0.35 |
| Combined avr (N, %) | 116 (12.02) | 55 (13.32) | 0.50 |
| Combined tvp (N, %) | 545 (56.48) | 229 (55.45) | 0.72 |
| Combined cabg (N, %) | 131 (13.58) | 53 (12.83) | 0.71 |
| Combined ra (N, %) | 285 (29.53) | 126 (30.51) | 0.72 |
| Combined asd (N, %) | 19 (1.97) | 10 (2.42) | 0.59 |
| Combined vsd (N, %) | 2 (0.21) | 3 (0.73) | 0.14 |
| Aortic cross clamp time (Median ± SD) | 94.08 ± 40.49 | 97.67 ± 35.14 | 0.19 |
| Follow-up events | |||
| Days (N, %) | 684.84 ± 140.25 | 684.26 ± 253.45 | 0.97 |
| Death (N, %) | 37 (3.42) | 16 (3.87) | 0.97 |
| Rehospitalization for heart failure (N, %) | 91 (9.81) | 46 (11.59) | 0.33 |
CAD, coronary heart disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; Pre-MI, previous myocardial infarction; Peripheral vd, peripheral vascular disease; Pre-surgery, previous surgery; Pre-valve surg, previous valve surgery; Central nervous, previous central nervous system disease; LA, left atrial size (mm); VST, ventricular septal thickness (mm); LVEDD, left-ventricular end-diastolic volume (mm); LVESD, left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm); Lv thickness, left-ventricular wall thickness (mm); LVEF, left-ventricular ejection fraction (%); SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg); TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excusion (mm); NT-Pro BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pg/ml); CKMB (ng/ml), creatine kinase MB; TNI, cardiac troponin I (ng/ml); CRP, C-reactive protein (mg/L); Cr, serum creatinine (umol/L); Hb, hemoglobin (g/L); Lym, lymphocyte count (*10−9/L); Neu, neutrophil count (*10−9/L); PLT, platelet count (*10−9/L); avr, aortic valve surgery; tvp, tricuspid valve repair surgery; ra, radiofrequency ablation; cabg, coronary artery bypass grafting; asd, atrial septal repair; vsd, ventricular septal repair.
For continuous variables, non-normally distributed variables are expressed as median [interquartile ranges (IQRs)] and normally distributed variables are expressed as means [standard deviation (SD)]. Categorical variables are expressed as N (%). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.