Table 1.
Influence of Holder Pasteurization on the cytokine content of donor human milk.
| Cytokine | Effect | Volume pasteurized (mL) | Pooled (number of donors) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-2 | – | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| ↓ (47%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| IL-4 | – | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| ↓ (>70%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| IL-5 | – | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| ↓ (>45%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| IL-12 | – | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| – | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| ↓ (42%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| IL-13 | – | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| ↓ (>90%) | Not specified | No | (99) | |
| IL-17 | – | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| MIP-1β | ↓ | <10 | No | (65) |
| EPO | ↓ | Not specified | No | (126) |
| IL-1β | ↓ | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| ↓ (>70%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| IL-6 | ↓ (75%) | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| ↓ | Not specified | No | (99) | |
| ↓ (>50%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| IL-10 | ↓ (24%) | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| ↓ | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) | |
| ↓ (>75%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| ↓ | Not specified | No | (126) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| – | Not specified | No | (99) | |
| TNF-α | ↓ (95%) | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| ↓ | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) | |
| ↓ | Not specified | No | (99) | |
| ↓ (>80%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| IFN- γ | ↓ | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) |
| ↓ (>60%) | <50 | No | (125) | |
| – | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) | |
| IL-7 | ↑ | <10 | No | (65) |
| IL-8 | ↑ (41%) | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| ↑ | 119 | Yes (4) | (49) | |
| ↑ | Not specified | No | (99) | |
| – | <10 | No | (65) | |
| – | <50 | No | (125) | |
| MCP-1 | ↑ (62%) | 20 | Yes (6) | (45) |
| – | <10 | No | (65) |
(↑) A significant increase in cytokine level occurred.
(↓) A significant reduction in cytokine level occurred.
(–) No significant effect on cytokine concentration was observed.
(%) The percentage reduction or increase is noted in brackets.