Table 3.
Influence of high-pressure processing on the levels of cell signaling molecules in human milk.
| Effect | Processing conditions | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine | |||
| IL-6 | – | 400–600 MPa, 3–6 min | (45, 99) |
| IL-8 | – | 400–600 MPa, 3–6 min | (45, 99) |
| ↑ | 600 MPa, 5 min | (99) | |
| TNF-α | – | 400–600 MPa, 3–6 min | (45, 99) |
| ↓ | 500–600 MPa, 5 min | (99) | |
| IL-10 | - | 400–600 MPa, 3–6 min | (45, 99) |
| ↓ | 400-500 MPa, 5 min | (99) | |
| MCAF | ↓ (22–33%) | 400–600 MPa, 3–6 min | (45) |
| IFN-γ | ↓ (90–95%) | 400–600 MPa, 3 min | (45) |
| – | 400–600 MPa, 6 min | (45) | |
| IL-17 | – | 400 MPa, 3 min | (45) |
| 600 MPa, 6 min | |||
| ↓ (84–100%) | 400 MPa, 6 min | (45) | |
| 600 MPa, 3 min | |||
| Growth Factor | |||
| HGF | ↓ (64%) | 600 MPa, 10 min | (167) |
| ↓ (61%) | 100 MPa + 600 MPa | (167) | |
| ↓ (57%) | 200 + 600 MPa | (167) | |
| – | 200 + 400 MPa | (167) | |
| ↓ (21%) | 450 MPa, 15 min | (171) | |
| EGF | – | 400–600 MPa, 5 min | (97) |
| TGF-β1 | – | 400–600 MPa, 5 min | (97) |
| TGF-β2 | – | 400–600 MPa, 5 min | (97) |
(↑) A significant increase in level of cytokine/growth factor occurred.
(↓) A significant reduction in level of cytokine/growth factor occurred.
(–) No significant effect on cytokine/growth factor concentration was observed.
(%) The percentage reduction/increase is noted in brackets.