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. 2024 Sep 17;30(11):3184–3195. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03211-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, The age distribution and corresponding Gaussian fitted curves in different datasets. b, The distribution of demographic characteristics. For smoking status, history of cancer, family history of cancer, family history of lung cancer and malignancy, 0 represents no and 1 represents yes. c, The distribution of nodules with different risk levels in the primary dataset. d, Histograms of nodule size distribution and corresponding Gaussian fitted curves in the primary dataset.