Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2024 Nov 1;14:1494651. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1494651

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Wang, Shen, Wang, Cao, Deng, Meng and Ma

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration mechanisms of nanoparticles (NPs). (A) The antibacterial effects of metallic NPs are attributed to three primary mechanisms: ROS production, ion release, and interaction with the cellular membrane. ROS generated by these NPs degrade essential cellular components (DNA, RNA, and proteins), effectively killing periodontal pathogens. Due to their small size, metallic NPs can penetrate the peptidoglycan layer and damage bacterial cells. The metal ions released by NPs are toxic to bacterial DNA and proteins. (B) Introduction of metallic NPs results in a microenvironment characterized by low levels of inflammatory cytokines and high levels of reparative cytokines, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This favorable environment promotes human periodontal ligament cell (hPDLC) differentiation and periodontal tissue regeneration and halts the progression of periodontitis. (C) NPs exhibit antioxidant properties that help regulate ROS. Metallic NPs reduce inflammation by regulating cytokines and macrophage polarization.