Table 2.
Summary of studies included in the review and study characteristics
| Authors | Year | Country | Diagnosis | Mean age (SD) | % Female | Name of intervention | Type of intervention | Setting | Delivery mode | Length in weeks | Session number | Comparator | Sample size (N) | Mediator category and significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfano et al. | 2009 | USA | Anxiety | 11.20 (2.35) | 48.9 | Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children (SET-C) | CBT | IND; GRO | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Education / Pharmacotherapy / Placebo | 88 | EMO↑ REL↓ |
| Allan et al. | 2015 | USA | Anxiety | 18.8 (1.5) | 82.9 | Anxiety Sensitivity Education and Reduction Training (ASERT) program; control: Physical Health/Education Training (PHET) | CBT; EDU | IND | BLENDED | 1 | 1 | Education | 82 | COG↑ COG↓ COG↓ COG↑ |
| Blake et al. | 2017 | Australia | Anxiety | 14.48 (0.95) | 60 | Sleep SENSE: cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based sleep intervention | CBT; MIN | GRO | F-2-F | 7 | 7 | Active psychological intervention | 123 | BEH↑ COG↑ BEH↓ |
| Blake et al. | 2017 | Australia | Anxiety | 14.48 (0.95) | 60 | Sleep SENSE: cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based sleep intervention | CBT; MIN | GRO | F-2-F | 7 | 7 | Active psychological intervention | 123 | BEH↓ BEH↓ BEH↑ |
| Chu et al. | 2004 | USA | Anxiety | 8 to 14 | 41.3 | Cognitive–behavioral treatment for children with anxiety (CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 16 | 16 | NR | 59 | BEH ↓ BEH↑ |
| Fjermestad et al. | 2020 | Norway | Anxiety | 11.5 | 52.1 | FRIENDS for Life | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 10 | 10 | NR | 73 | REL↑ |
| Hogendoorn et al. | 2014 | Nether-lands | Anxiety | 12.51 (2.83) | 57 | Cognitive behavioral therapy with the Coping Cat protocol | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Waiting list | 113 | COG↑ BEH↑ COG↑ |
| Kwok | 2019 | Hong Kong | Anxiety | 13.5 | 35.8 | Positive Psychology and Music Therapy | OTH | GRO | F-2-F | 8 | 8 | No intervention | 106 | COG↑ EMO↓ |
| Norr et al. | 2014 | USA | Anxiety | 18.9 (1.42) | 83.7 | Anxiety Sensitivity Education and Reduction Training (ASERT) | EDU; CBT | IND | ONLINE | 1 | 1 | Education | 104 | COG ↑EMO↑ EMO↓ |
| Norr et al. | 2017 | USA | Anxiety | 19.09 | 85.5 | Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment (CAST) | CBT | IND | ONLINE | 1 | 1 | Education | 54 | COG↑ COG↓ COG↓ |
| Ollendick et al. | 2017 | USA & Sweden | Anxiety | 10.29 | 38 | One-Session-Treatment (OST) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Education | 165 | COG↑ COG↑ BEH↑ |
| Schleider et al. | 2015 | USA | Anxiety | 10.7 | 50 | Cognitive behavioral treatment (Coping Cat program) | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 14 | Pharmacotherapy / Active psychological intervention and pharmacotherapy / Placebo | 433 | FAM↑ FAM↑ |
| Smits et al. | 2008 | USA | Anxiety | 19.9 | 18–51 | Exercise (Ex) and exercise plus cognitive restructuring (Ex + C) | OTH | IND | F-2-F | 2 | 6 | Waiting list / Active psychological intervention | 60 | COG↑ |
| Swain et al. | 2015 | Australia | Anxiety | 13.8 (1.4) | 63.3 | Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) | MIN | GRO | F-2-F | 10 | 10 | Active psychological intervention / Waiting list | 49 | COG↑ COG↓ COG↓ |
| Timpano et al. | 2016 | USA | Anxiety | 18.9 | 83.7 | Anxiety sensitivity education and reduction training (ASERT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Education | 104 | COG↑ |
| Wu et al. | 2020 | USA | Anxiety | 10.8 | 51.6 | Cognitive-behavioral therapy plus the Coping cat (CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 14 | 14 | Active psychological intervention and pharmacotherapy | 279 | BEH↑ |
| Fjermestad et al. | 2016 | Norway | Anxiety | 11.4 (2.1) | 50 | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 14 | 12 | Waiting list | 91 | REL↓ REL↓ REL↑ |
| Topper et al. | 2017 | Netherlands | Anxiety, Depression | 17.32 (1.97) | 83 | Rumination-focused cognitive-behavioral-therapy (RFCBT) | CBT | GRO | BLENDED | 6 | 6 | Treatment as usual | 241 | COG↑ |
| Yap et al. | 2019 | Australia | Anxiety, Depression | 13.68 (1,06) | 45 | Partners in Parenting | INT | IND | ONLINE | 12 | 9 | Education | 317 | FAM↑ |
| Andrew et al. | 2015 | USA | Depression | 14.8 (1.6) | 41.5 | Behavior Family Systems Therapy (BFST) | INT | FAMI | BLENDED | 12 | 12 | NR | 82 | FAM↑ |
| Brent et al. | 1998 | USA | Depression | 13 to 18 | NR | Cognitive-behavioral-therapy (CBT), systemic-behavioral family therapy (SBFT), nondirective supportive therapy (NST) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 12 to 16 | 12 to 16 | Active psychological intervention | 78 | COG ↑ |
| Brunwasser et al. | 2018 | USA | Depression | 12.5 (11.9) | 46.1 | Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Education / Placebo / No intervention | 321 | COG↑ THERA↑ |
| Compas et al. | 2010 | USA | Depression | 11.4 (1.9); 11.3 (2.1) | 42 | Family group cognitive-behavioral (FGCB) preventive intervention | CBT | FAMI; GRO | F-2-F | 24 | 12 | Guided self-help | 111 | BEH↑ FAM↑ FAM↓ |
| Dietz et al. | 2014 | USA | Depression | 15.6 (1.3) | 77.8 | Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), systemic behavior family therapy (SBFT), nondirective-supportive therapy (NST) | CBT; SYS | IND | F-2-F | 12 to 16 | 12 to 16 | Active psychological intervention | 63 | REL↑ COG↑ |
| Fosco et al. | 2016 | USA | Depression | 11 to 16 | 49 | Family Check-Up (FCU) | HUM | FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 3 | No intervention | 386 | FAM↑ |
| Gladstone et al. | 2014 | USA | Depression | 17.5 (2.04) | 56.2 | Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive-behavioral, Humanistic and Interpersonal Training (CATCH-IT) | INT | IND | ONLINE | NR | 14 | Education | 69 | COG↑ REL↓ FAM↓ |
| Jacobs et al. | 2009 | USA | Depression | 14.36 (1.5) | 54 | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Pharmacotherapy / Active psychological intervention and pharmacotherapy / Placebo | 439 | COG↑ COG↓ |
| Jones et al. | 2019 | USA | Depression | 14.01 | 66.7 | Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) | IPT | GRO; IND; FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 15 | Active psychological intervention | 183 | FAM↑ REL↓ REL↓ REL↑ REL↑ |
| Kauer et al. | 2012 | Australia | Depression | 18.5 (3.2) | 87.9 | Mobile Tracking of Young People's Experiences | EDU | IND | ONLINE | 2 | 28 | Guided self-help | 114 | EMO↑ |
| Kaufman et al. | 2005 | USA | Depression | 15.1 (1.4) | 48.4 | Adolescent Coping With Depression (CWD-A) | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 8 | 16 | Education | 93 | COG↑ |
| Lewis et al. | 2009 | USA | Depression | 14.6 (1.5) | 54.4 | Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 12 | 15 | Pharmacotherapy / Active psychological intervention and pharmacotherapy / Placebo | 253 | BEH↑ |
| Mehlum et al. | 2014 | Norway | Depression | 15.6 (1.5) | 88.3 | Dialectical Behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) | MIN | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 19 | 48 | Treatment as usual | 77 | THERA↓ THERA↑ |
| Rossouw et al. | 2012 | UK | Depression | 14.7 (1.3) | 85 | Mentalization-Based-Treatment for Adolescents (MBT-A) | PTD | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 52 | 52 | Treatment as usual | 80 | COG↓ REL↑ |
| Smith et al. | 2015 | UK | Depression | 12 to 16 | NR | Computerised-Cognitive-behavioral therapy (C-CBT) | CBT | IND | ONLINE | 8 | 8 | Waiting list | 110 | COG↑ |
| Stice et al. | 2011 | USA | Depression | 15.5 (1.2) | 57 | Group cognitive behavioral depression prevention intervention (CB) | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 6 | 6 | Guided self-help / Education | 253 | THERA↑ |
| Stice et al. | 2010 | USA | Depression | 15.6 (1.2) | NR | (1) cognitive behavioral group (CB); (2) cognitive behavioral bibliotherapy; (3) supportive expressive group | CBT; CBT; HUM | GRO | F-2-F | 6 | NR | No intervention | 341 | COG↑ BEH↑ EMO↑ EMO↑ |
| Zhou et al. | 2020 | USA | Depression | 14.8 (1.8) | 77.5 | Interpersonal Therapy for Adolescents (IPT-A) | IPT | IND | F-2-F | 16 | 12–16 | Active Psychological Intervention and Pharmaco-Treatment | 40 | REL↑ |
| Borduin et al. | 2021 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 14.0 (1.9) | NR | Multisystemic Therapy for problem sexual behaviors (MST-PSB) | SYS | FAM | F-2-F | 31 | 90 | Treatment as usual | 48 | REL↑ REL↑ FAM↑ |
| Dadds et al. | 2012 | Australia | Externalizing Disorder | 10.5 | 25 | Emotion recognition training (ERT) | SYS | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 4 | 4 | Treatment as usual | 195 | EMO↓ EMO↓ |
| Dekovic et al. | 2012 | Netherlands | Externalizing Disorder | 16.02 (1.31) | 26.56 | Multisystemic therapy (MST) | SYS | FAMI | F-2-F | 16 to 24 | NR | Treatment as usual | 256 | FAM↑ FAM↑ FAM↓ FAM↓ |
| Eddy et al. | 2000 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 14.9(1.3) | 0 | Multi-Dimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) and group care (GC) | SYS | FAMI; IND; GRO | F-2-F | NR | NR | Treatment as usual | 79 | FAM↑ FAM↑ FAM↑ REL↑ |
| Henggeler et al. | 2009 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 14.6 (1.7) | 2.4 | Multisystemic therapy (MST) | SYS | FAMI | F-2-F | 28 | 28 | Treatment as usual | 121 | FAM↑ REL↑ THERA↓ FAM↓ REL↓ |
| Henggeler et al. | 1992 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 15.2 (1.4) | 23 | Multisystemic therapy (MST) | SYS | FAMI | F-2-F | 13 | NR | Treatment as usual | 84 | FAM↓ REL↓ THERA↓ FAM↓ REL↓ |
| Hogue et al. | 2006 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 15.47 (1.31) | 19 | Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) or multidimensional family-based therapy (MDFT) | CBT; SYS | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 16 to 24 | 16 to 24 | Active psychological intervention | 100 | REL↑ FAM↑ |
| Huey et al. | 2000 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 14.6 (1.5); 15 (1.1) | Sample 1: 17 and sample 2: 20 | Multisystemic therapy (MST) | SYS | FAMI | F-2-F | NR | NR | Treatment as usual | 115 | THERA↑ FAM↑ FAM↑ FAM↑ REL↑ |
| Lindsey et al. | 2019 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 9 to 12 | 33 | Coping Power intervention | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | NR | 34 | NR | 118 | BEH↑ FAM↑ BEH↑ |
| Pantin et al. | 2009 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 13.8 (0.76) | 36.15 | Familias Unidas | EDU | FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 19 | No intervention | 213 | FAM↓ FAM↑ FAM↓ FAM↑ FAM↑ |
| Paquette et al. | 2014 | Canada | Externalizing Disorder | 19.99(2.41); 19.54 (2.32) | 12.27 | Wilderness Therapy program Chance for Change | EDU | GRO | F-2-F | 2 | NR | Active psychological intervention | 220 | REL↓ BEH↓ |
| Perrino et al. | 2016 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 14.7 (1.38) | 35.54 | Familias Unidas | EDU | FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 7 | No intervention | 232 | FAM↑ |
| Van Ryzin et al. | 2012 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | 15.31 (1.17) | 100 | Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC) | SYS | FAMI; IND | F-2-F | 25 | NR | No intervention | 153 | REL↑ |
| Werch et al. | 2011 | USA | Externalizing Disorder | grade 11 and 12 | 61.6 | Project Active (Brief Integrated multiple behavior intervention) | EDU | IND | BLENDED | 4 | NR | Treatment as usual | 451 | COG↑ REL↑ COG↑ COG↑ |
| Asarnow et al. | 2021 | USA | Other (Self-Harm) | 14.89 (1.47) | 12–18 | Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT) | MIN | IND, FAM | F-2-F | 26 | 52 | Active Psychological Intervention | 95 | EMO↑, FAM↓, BEH↓ |
| Boyer et al. | 2018 | Netherlands | Other (ADHD) | 14.48 (1.21) | 27.5 | Plan my life (PML: planning-focused) and Solution-focused treatment (SFT) | CBT; HUM | IND | F-2-F | 10 | 10 | Active psychological intervention | 69 | REL↑ REL↓ |
| Forsberg et al. | 2017 | USA | Other (Anorexia Nervosa) | 14.4 (1.6) | 91 | Family-based treatment (FBT) for anorexia nervosa and adolescents-focused therapy (AFT) for anorexia nervosa | SYS | FAMI; IND | F-2-F | 54 | 24 | Active psychological intervention | 224 | FAM↑ FAM↓ |
| Le Grange et al. | 2012 | USA | Other (Anorexia Nervosa) | 14.4 (1.6) | 91 | Individual adolescent focused therapy (AFT) and family based therapy (FBT) | SYS | IND | F-2-F | 32 | 32 | Active psychological intervention | 100 | COG↓ THERA↓ COG↓ BEH↓ FAM↓ |
| Tein et al. | 2006 | USA | Other (bereaved children) | 11.39 | 100 | Family bereavement program (FBP) | CBT | FAMI; IND | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Guided self-help | 156 | FAM↑ BEH↑ COG↑ EMO↑ COG↑ |
| Goldstein et al. | 2020 | USA | Other (Bipolar disorder) | 16.6 (2.4) | 53,5 | Brief motivational intervention (BMI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 4 | 3 | Treatment as usual | 40 | THERA↑ |
| Summers et al. | 2016 | USA | Other (Body Dysmorphic Disorder) | 19.63; 19.95 | IG 84.2, CG 73.7 | Interpretation bias modification training (IBM) | CBT | IND | ONLINE | 2 | 4 | Placebo | 38 | COG↑ |
| Stice et al. | 2007 | USA | Other (Body image concerns) | 17.1 (1.4) | 100 | Dissonance intervention, Healthy weight intervention | CBT, EDU | GRO | F-2-F | 3 | 3 | Guided self-help | 340 | COG↑ BEH↓ BEH↓ |
| Harrington et al. | 2000 | UK | Other (Deliberate self-poisoning) | 10 to 16 | NR | Brief family-based intervention | SYS | FAMI; IND | F-2-F | 4 | 5 | Treatment as usual | 162 | FAM↓ COG↓ FAM↓ COG↓ THERA↓ |
| Tan et al. | 2015 | Australia | Other (divers) | 15.40 (1.55) | 75 | Taming the Adolescent Mind (TAM) | MIN | GRO | F-2-F | 5 | 5 | Treatment as usual | 80 | COG↑ |
| Seidel et al. | 2009 | USA | Other (High risk for eating disorders) | 19.8 (1.3) | 100 | Dissonance intervention | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 4 | 4 | No intervention | 71 | COG↑ COG↑ |
| Bruin et al. | 2018 | Netherlands | Other (Insomnia) | 15.6 (1.6) | 75 | Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI): Internet (CBTI-IT) and face to face group treatment (CBTI-GT) | CBT | IND; GRO | BLENDED | 6 | 7 | Waiting list/Active psychological intervention | 116 | BEH↑ |
| Bonnert et al. | 2018 | Sweden | Other (Irritable bowel syndrome) | 15.54 (1.56) | 61 | Exposure-based internet delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (Internet CBT) | CBT | IND; FAMI | ONLINE | 10 | 10 | Waiting list | 101 | BEH↑ EMO↓ |
| Kashikar-Zuck et al. | 2013 | USA | Other (Juvenile fibromyalgia) | 15.02 (1.75) | NR | Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and fibromyalgia education (FE) | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 8 | 10 | Education | 100 | BEH↓ COG↓ BEH↓ |
| Orkibi et al. | 2017 | Israel | Other (loneliness) | 14.5 (0.78) | 40 | Psychodrama group therapy (PD) | HUM | GRO | F-2-F | 16 to 22 | 16 to 22 | Waiting list | 13 | BEH↑ EMO↑ COG↑ THERA↓ BEH↑ |
| Bakhshaie et al. | 2020 | USA | Other (OCD) | 12.39 (2.92) | 51,4 | Exposure and response prevention (ERP) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 8 | 10 | Active psychological intervention and pharmacotherapy | 139 | THERA↑ THERA↓ |
| Peris et al. | 2017 | USA | Other (OCD) | 12.71 | 43 | Positive Family Interaction Therapy (PFIT) | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 18 | Treatment as usual | 62 | FAM↑ |
| Weintraub et al. | 2021 | USA | Other (Bipolar) | 13.2 (2.6) | 65.5 | Family-focused therapy (FFT) | SYS | FAM | F-2-F | 16 | 12 | Education | 119 | FAM ↑ REL↑ |
| Wolters et al. | 2019 | Netherlands | Other (OCD) | 12.8 | 58.6 | Control your OCD | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 16 | 16 | No intervention | 58 | COG ↓ |
| Mehlum et al. | 2019 | Norway | Other (Suicidal and self‐harming behavior) | 18.79 (1.61) | 90 | Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT-A) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 19 | NR | NR | 77 | COG↑ |
| Pineda et al. | 2013 | Australia | Other (Suicidal behavior) | 15.4 (1.23) | 75.5 | Resourceful Adolescent Parent Program (RAP-P) | EDU | FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 4 | No intervention | 48 | FAM↑ FAM↑ |
| Czyz et al. | 2019 | USA | Other (Suicide risk) | 15.42 (1.36) | 78,8 | Motivational interviewing enhanced safety planning (MI-SafeCope) | HUM | IND, FAMI | F-2-F | 8 | 2 | Treatment as usual | 34 | BEH↑ BEH↑ COG↑ BEH↓ FAM↓ |
| Meiser‐Stedman et al. | 2017 | UK | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 13.3 (2.5) | 72.4 | Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT for PTSD) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 10 | 8 | Waiting list | 26 | COG↑ COG↓ BEH↓ BEH↑ |
| Kangaslampi et al. | 2016 | Palestina | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 11.29 (0.68) | 50 | Teaching recovery techniques intervention (TRT) | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 4 | 8 | Waiting list | 433 | COG ↓ |
| Jensen et al. | 2018 | Norway | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 15.1 | 79.5 | Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) | CBT | IND, FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 13 | Treatment as usual | 153 | COG↑ |
| Pfeiffer et al. | 2017 | Germany | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 12.80—13.23 | 73 | Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT) | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | Waiting list | 123 | COG ↑ |
| Smith et al. | 2007 | UK | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 13.89 | 50 | Cognitive-behavioral-therapy (CBT) | CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 10 | 10 | Waiting list | 24 | COG ↑ |
| McLean et al. | 2015 | USA | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 15.3 (1.5) | 100 | Prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE-A) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 8 to 14 | 8 | Active psychological intervention | 53 | COG↑ |
| Knutsen et al. | 2018 | Norway | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 15.0 (2.2) | 74.7 | Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) | INT; SYS; CBT | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 12 | 12 to 15 | Treatment as usual | 36 | COG↑ THERA↓ |
| Tutus et al. | 2019 | Germany | Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder | 13.1 (2,82) | 73.5 | Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) | CBT | IND | F-2-F | 12 | 12 | No intervention | 113 | FAM↑ |
| Black et al. | 2012 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 19.0 | 39 | Brief Intervention for Socially Anxious Drinkers (BISAD) | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 3 | 3 | Education | 41 | COG↑ BEH↑ |
| Gonzalez et al. | 2012 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 12.3 (0.54) | 50.8 | Bridges/puentes | OTH | GRO; FAMI | F-2-F | 9 | 11 | Education | 516 | BEH↑BEH↑ FAM↑ FAM↑ |
| Barnett et al. | 2014 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 16.7 | 30 | Motivational interviewing (MI) | HUM | GRO; IND | BLENDED | 36 to 48 | 3 | Active psychological intervention | 122 | BEH↑ |
| Barnett et al. | 2007 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.8 (0.87) | 51.1 | Brief Motivational Interview (BMI) or computer-delivered intervention (CDI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Active psychological intervention | 212 | BEH↑ |
| Borsari et al. | 2000 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.45 (0.11) | 59 | Brief Motivation lntervention (BMI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | No intervention | 60 | COG↑ |
| Borsari et al. | 2015 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.83 (0.81) | NR | Brief Motivation lntervention (BMI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Education | 249 | THERA↑ COG↑ REL↓ THERA↑ |
| Botvin et al. | 1995 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 14.96 | 53 | Generic skills training (GSI) and culturally focused intervention (CFI) | CBT; EDU | GRO | F-2-F | 8 | 15 | Active psychological intervention/Education | 456 | COG↑ BEH↑ BEH↑ |
| Brody et al. | 2012 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 17.7 | 58.5 | Adults in the Making (AIM) | CBT; EDU | GRO | F-2-F | 6 | 4 | NR | 289 | COG↑ BEH↑ |
| Carey et al. | 2018 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 19.2 (1.16) | 28 | Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) | HUM | IND | BLENDED | 1 | 1 | Active psychological intervention/Education | 554 | COG↓ REL↓ COG↓ |
| Chaplin et al. | 2021 | USA | Substance Use | 13.89 (1.69) | 51 | Parenting Mindfully [PM] intervention | MIN | GRO | F-2-F | 8 | 8 | Education | 96 | FAM↑ FAM↑ |
| Chen et al. | 2017 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 11 to 16 | NR | Strong African American families program (SAAF) | INT | FAMI | F-2-F | NR | 7 | Education | 424 | FAM↑ |
| D'Amico et al. | 2015 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 16.75 | 34.5 | Free Talk (FT) motivational interviewing group | HUM | GRO | F-2-F | 6 | 5.3 | Treatment as usual | 110 | THERA↑ THERA↑ COG↓ |
| Diamond, et al. | 2006 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 15.7 (1.2) | 19 | Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBT5), Family Support Network (FSN), Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA), Multidimensional Family therapy (MDFT) | CBT; HUM; SYS | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 5; 12 | 5; 12 | Active psychological intervention | 356 | RE↑ REL↓ |
| Doumas et al. | 2009 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 19.24 (1.33) | 27.6 | Web-based personalized normative feedback (WPNF) | HUM; EDU | IND | ONLINE | 1 | 1 | Education | 67 | COG↑ |
| Dunn et al. | 2019 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 19.42 | 33 | Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) with personalized normative feedback (PNF) or Expectancy Challenge Alcohol Literacy Curriculum (ECALC) | HUM | IND | ONLINE | 1 | 1 | Active psychological intervention | 121 | COG↑ |
| Kenney et al. | 2014 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.07 (0.54) | 100 | Protective behavioral strategies (PBS) skill training | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Education | 226 | THERA↑ |
| Magill et al. | 2017 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.2 (0.98) | 58 | Motivational Interview (MI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Education | 167 | BEH↑ COG↑ COG↑ COG↑ COG↑ |
| Magill et al. | 2019 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.2 (0.98) | 62 | Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Active psychological Intervention | 165 | BEH↑ THERA↓ THERA↓ |
| McNally et al. | 2005 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.58 (0.78) | 71 | Motivationally based intervention (MBI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | No intervention | 73 | COG↓ COG↓ |
| Murphy et al. | 2012 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.5 (0.71) | 50 | Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) | HUM | IND | F-2-F | 1 | 1 | Active psychological intervention/Education | 82 | BEH↑ COG↓ |
| Murphy et al. | 2019 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 18.77 (1.06) | 61 | Brief motivational interviewing (BMI) + Substance-fee Activity Session (SFAS), Relaxation training (RT) | HUM | IND | BLENDED | 2 | 2 | No intervention | 393 | BEH↑ BEH↓ THERA↓ |
| O'Leary-Barrett et al. | 2017 | Canada | Substance Use Disorder | 12 to 13 | NR | Personality-targeted interventions | CBT; EDU; HUM | GRO | F-2-F | 2 | 2 | No intervention | 154 | COG↑ BEH↑ COG↑ |
| Orlando et al. | 2005 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | grade 7 and 8 | 50 | Project ALERT | CBT | GRO | F-2-F | 14 | 14 | No intervention | 4277 | REL↑ COG↑ |
| Winters et al. | 2012 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 16.3 | 48 | Brief Intervention adolescent only (BI-A) or brief intervention adolescent and additional parent session (BI-AP) | HUM | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 2 | 2 | Active psychological intervention/No intervention | 315 | BEH↓ COG↑ FAM↓ THERA↑ |
| Winters et al. | 2014 | USA | Substance Use Disorder | 16.06 (1.4) | 50.4 | Brief Intervention adolescent only (BI-A) or brief intervention adolescent and additional parent session (BI-AP) | HUM | IND; FAMI | F-2-F | 2 | 2 | Active psychological intervention/No intervention | 284 | BEH↑ COG↓ FAM↑ THERA↑ |
Legend: ↑: significant mediation effect, ↓: non-significant mediation effect
BEH behavioral mediator, BLENDED blended treatment with face-to-face and online elements, COG cognitive mediator, CBT cognitive-behavioral therapy, EDU educational intervention, EMO emotional mediator, FAM family-related mediator, FAMI family treatment, F-2-F face-to-face treatment, GRO group treatment, HUM humanistic therapy, IND individual treatment, INT integrative therapy, IPT interpersonal therapy, ONLINE online treatment, MIN mindfulness-based therapy, OTH other therapy approaches, PDT psychodynamic therapy, REL relational mediator, SYS systemic therapy, THERA therapy-related mediator