Table 1.
Characteristics of the Included Studies
| First author (year) | Type of sleep disturbance | Diagnosis of insomnia | Diagnosis of CeD | No. of CeD | Insomnia in CeD, No. (%) | No. of controls | Insomnia in controls, No. (%) | Main results of the study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia in CeD | ||||||||
| Croall (2020)4 | Insomnia | Self-reported to question: "trouble falling or staying asleep?" | Hospital statistics (records of ICD-10) | 104 | 62 (59.7) | 195 | 93 (47.6) | Impairment in reaction time and worsened mental health in celiac patients compared to controls |
| Wang (2022)7 | Insomnia | Self-reported sleep disorders | Serological and/or histological diagnosis | 50 | 23 (46.0) | 2,834 | 771 (27.2) | Compared to controls with other GI complaints, patients with CeD had increased prevalence of sleep disorders |
| Zylberberg (2017)9 | Insomnia | Questionnaire: length of sleep, trouble sleeping, sleep disorders | Chart review | 75 | 28 (37.3) | 15,809 | 4,327 (27.4) | No increased risk of depression and insomnia in participants with CeD compared with a group of nonaffected controls |
| Zingone (2010)8 | Insomnia | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | Serological and histological diagnosis | 30 | 15 (50.0) | 30 | 7 (23.3) | Celiac patients exhibited higher PSQI scores than healthy volunteers |
| Author (year) | Type of cognitive impairment | Diagnosis of cognitive impairment | Diagnosis of CeD | No. of CeD | Cognitive impairment in CeD, No. (%) | No. of controls | Cognitive impairment in controls, No. (%) | Main results of the study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive impairment in CeD | ||||||||
| Croall (2020)4 | Delayed reaction time | Reaction time (mean response time across 12 rounds of a snap-like card game) | Hospital statistics (records of ICD-10) | 104 | NA (only listed the mean time of group) | NA | NA | Impairment in reaction time and worsened mental health in celiac patients compared to controls |
| Lichtwark (2014)5 | Subtle cognitive impairment | Subtle Cognitive Impairment Test | Duodenal biopsy | 11 | 3 (27.3) | NA | NA | Adherence to gluten-free diet in newly diagnosed CeD leads to improved cognitive performance |
| Longarini (2019)6 | Mild cognitive impairment | Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised | Serological and histological diagnosis | 33 | 3 (9.1) | 17 | 0 | Celiac patients had similar cognitive performance and anxiety |
| Kristensen (2019)8 | Lack of concentration | Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Symptoms Checklist (ASRS) | Serological and histological diagnosis | 31 | 11 (35.4) | 60 | 5 (8.3) | Celiac disease patients presented more inattention symptoms compare to controls and differences disappeared on a gluten-free diet |
CeD, celiac disease; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision; GI, gastrointestinal; NA, not available.