Table 1. Overview of Study Design Across Included Studies.
| Source | Study phase | Blinding | Intervention | Comparator | Study population | Sample size | Duration of follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kumar et al,19 2007 | NA | Open label | SCS + CMM | CMM alone | Patients with neuropathic pain (FBSS) | 100 | 24 mo |
| Petersen et al,20 2021 | NA | Open label | 10 kHz SCS + CMM | CMM | Patients with neuropathic pain (PDN) | 216 | 52 mo |
| de Vos et al,21 2014 | NA | Open label | SCS + CMP | CMP | Patients with neuropathic pain (PDN) | 60 | 6 mo |
| Rigoard et al,22 2019 | 4 | Open label | SCS + OMM | OMM alone | Patients with FBSS diagnosis, mixed population | 218 | 24 mo |
| Slangen et al,23 2014 | NA | Open label | SCS + BMT | BMT | Patients with neuropathic pain (moderate to severe PDPN) | 36 | 6 mo |
| Kapural et al,24 2022 | NA | Open label | 10 kHz SCS + CMM | CMM | Patients with neuropathic pain (NSRBP) | 159 | 12 mo |
| De Andres et al,25 2017 | NA | Double-blind | High-frequency (10 kHz) SCS | Conventional SCS | Patients with neuropathic pain (FBSS) | 55 | 12 mo |
| Bolash et al,26 2019 | NA | Open label | High-frequency (10 kHz) SCS | Low-frequency SCS | Patients with neuropathic pain (FBSS) | 99 | 6 mo |
| Al-Kaisy et al,27 2021 | NA | Open label | SCS 10 kHz + CMM | CMM alone | Patients with possible neuropathic pain (NSRBP) | 58 | 12 mo |
| Mekhail et al,28 2020 | NA | Double-blind | Closed-loop SCS (ECAP-controlled) | Open-loop SCS (manual stimulation) | Patients with chronic, intractable pain of the back and legs | 134 | 3 y |
| Kapural et al,29 2015 | NA | Open label | High-frequency (10 kHz) SCS | Low-frequency therapy SCS | Chronic, intractable pain of the trunk or extremities | 198 | 24 mo |
| Fishman et al,30 2021 | NA | Open label | Differential target multiplexed SCS | Traditional SCS | Chronic LBP and leg pain | 128 | 12 mo |
| Leong et al,31 2021 | NA | Open label | Burst stimulation SCS | Tonic stimulation SCS | Chronic intractable pain in the extremities and trunk | 100 | 24 wk |
Abbreviations: BMT, best medical treatment; CMM, conventional medical management; CMP, conventional medical practice; FBSS, failed back surgery syndrome; kHz, kilohertz; LBP, low back pain; NA, not available; NSRBP, non-surgical refractory back pain; OMM, optimal medical management; PDN, painful diabetic neuropathy; PDPN, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy; SCS, spinal cord stimulation.