Figure 10.

Representative AEs constructed by cell sheets

(A) The SIRM technique fabricates vascular grafts with an inner diameter ranging from 10μm to 2mm, replicating the complex patterns of HUVECs, SMCs, and NIH3T3 fibroblasts within 3D tubes through a rolling process, simulating their natural in vivo arrangement. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH, Reproduced with permission.¹⁹¹

(B) Employing nanogrid alignment and layer-by-layer wrapping techniques, a tubular construct with circumferentially aligned HMSCs is fabricated, achieving uniform integration and alignment of HMSCs through perfusion maturation. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature, Reproduced with permission.¹⁹²