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. 2024 Oct 29;70:101469. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101469

Table 1.

Sample Characteristics. Puberty scores were obtained using the Peterson Puberty Scale (Peterson et al., 2012). Consensus lifetime diagnoses provided by HBN were determined by trained clinicians based on a combination of the K-SADS interview (Kaufman et al., 1997), clinician impression of the child, and reviewing questionnaire responses. Since children can have more than one diagnosis, the cumulative psychopathology diagnoses may exceed 100 %.


Sample Size
(N = 521)


Age M SD
10.47 2.79
Sex %
Male 60.38
Female 39.62
Race %
White/Caucasian 55.38
Black/African American 11.94
Hispanic 8.41
Asian 2.54
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.20
Two or more races 18.98
Other Races 1.76
Unknown 0.78
Ethnicity %
Not Hispanic or Latino 69.38
Hispanic or Latino 23.84
Decline to specify 5.62
Unknown 1.16
Income M Median SD
$90,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $33,470
Puberty Score M Median SD
9.66 8.00 4.22
Psychopathology % diagnosed
Major depressive disorder 14.81
Anxiety disorder 53.28
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 64.96
Autism spectrum disorder 17.38
Intellectual developmental disorder 2.56
Learning disorder 32.76
Communication disorder 14.53
Motor disorder 11.40
Substance use disorder 0.85
Disruptive behavior disorder 20.51
Trauma and stressor-related disorder 6.27
Schizophrenia 0.28
Obsessive-compulsive disorder 8.55
Bipolar disorder 0.28
Eating disorders 1.14
Missing diagnosis 34.00