Table 3. Catalytic Performance of Transition Metal SACs in ECO2RRa.
| Catalyst | Electrolyte | Main product | Faradaic efficiency (%) | Overpotential (V) | Current density (mA cm–2) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe-N-C | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼80 | 0.5 | ∼4 | (265) |
| Mn-N-C | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼80 | 0.45 | ∼3 | (265) |
| FeMn-N-C | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼85 | 0.4 | ∼2 | (265) |
| Fe-N4-C | 0.1 M NaHCO3 | CO | 91 | 0.5 | 4.5 | (261) |
| Ni-N4-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | 99 | 0.71 | 28.6 | (257) |
| Ni-N4-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼70 | 0.9 | ∼10 | (262) |
| Ni-graphene | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.64 | ∼12 | (266) |
| Ni-N-carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼96 | 0.65 | ∼10.5 | (255) |
| Ni-N-carbon | 1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼97 | 0.53 | ∼30b | (267) |
| Ni(I)-N-graphene | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | 97 | 0.61 | ∼24 | (247) |
| Ni-N-graphene | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.45 | ∼12.5 | (268) |
| Ni-N-carbon black | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼98 | 0.7 | ∼1.5 | (252) |
| Ni-N-carbon black | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.55 | 25 | (269) |
| Ni-N-carbon dot | 1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.6 | 40c | (270) |
| Ni-N4-F-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼95 | 0.67 | ∼25 | (271) |
| Ni-N-carbon sheet | 0.1 M KOH + 0.5 M K2SO4 | CO | ∼55 | 0.7 | ∼1.5 | (263) |
| Ni2-N4-carbon | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼96.6 | 0.7 | ∼9 | (272) |
| Fe-N-carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | 87 | 0.38 | ∼1.3 | (255) |
| Fe-N-carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼93 | 0.48 | ∼2.5 | (229) |
| FeN4-O-C | 0.1 M NaHCO3 | CO | ∼99 | 0.73 | ∼9 | (273) |
| Fe-N-carbon | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.27 | ∼8 | (224) |
| Fe-N5-graphene | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼97 | 0.35 | ∼1.8 | (254) |
| Fe-N-P-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼97 | 0.32 | ∼5 | (274) |
| Co-N-carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼45 | 0.5 | ∼1.3 | (229) |
| Co-N-carbon | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.53 | ∼17.5 | (264) |
| Co-N5-C | 0.2 M NaHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 0.63 | ∼5 | (275) |
| Co-N4-MWCNT | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | 99 | 0.49 | 24.8 | (276) |
| Co-N-3D carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | 91 | 0.8 | 67 | (277) |
| Cu-N2-C | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼75 | 0.4 | ∼1 | (256) |
| Bi-N4-C | 0.1 M NaHCO3 | CO | ∼97 | 0.4 | ∼3.9 | (258) |
| Mn-N4-Cl-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | 97 | 0.49 | ∼10 | (278) |
| Cd-N4-C | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼92.1 | 0.628 | ∼5 | (279) |
| Mg-C3N4 | 0.5 M KHCO3 | CO | ∼90 | 1.078 | ∼32b | (280) |
| Cu-Al2O3 | 1 M KOH | CH4 | 62 | 1.37 | 153.0c | (281) |
| Zn-N4-C | 1 M KHCO3 | CH4 | 85 | –1.8 V vs SCEd | 39.7 | (282) |
| Sb-N4-C | 1 M KHCO3 | HCOOH | 96 | 0.68 | ∼16c | (283) |
| Bismuthene | 0.5 M KHCO3 | formate | ∼90 | 1.05 | ∼100 | (284) |
| Cu-N4-carbon fiber | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CH3OH | 44 | 0.93 | ∼90 | (285) |
| Cu-N4-carbon | 0.1 M CsHCO3 | C2H5OH | 55 | 1.29 | ∼16.2 | (286) |
| Cu-N doped carbon | 0.1 M KHCO3 | CH3COCH3 | 36.7 | –0.36 V vs RHE | ∼0.4 | (287) |
a
Note: The overpotential and current density are mainly calculated according to a long-term electrolysis in a conventional H-cell (with the priority to choose the data with lowest overpotential and high FE) under the optimal conditions shown in the literature for comparisons.
b
The value is the partial current densities of CO collected at the relevant potential.
c
The results were collected via a gas diffusion electrode in a flow cell electrolysis.
d
SCE refers to saturated calomel electrode.