Table 2.

Categories of Inorganic Sonosensitizers

Category	Sonosensitizer	Key Features	Limitations
Metal-based Sonosensitizers	TiO2 nanoparticles	High ROS generation under US, good biocompatibility, used in tumor photodynamic therapy	Limited tissue penetration under UV activation, easy electron-hole recombination, poor stability without surface modification
Transition metal oxides	Fe3O4, Fe2O3, MnWOx	Superparamagnetic properties, Fenton reaction, can be combined with other materials to enhance ROS production	Complex synthesis and stability issues, potential toxicity
Noble metal nanoparticles	Au, Ag, Pt, Cu-based nanoparticles	Exceptional stability, water solubility, intrinsic acoustic cavitation properties, high biocompatibility, efficient photothermal conversion	High cost, the potential for aggregation, requires surface modifications for optimal use

Abbreviations: TiO₂, titanium dioxide; Fe₃O₄, magnetite; Fe₂O₃, maghemite; MnWOx, Manganese oxide catalyst.