Table 1.
Bivariate correlation (Chi-square distribution) between factors and risk of episiotomy
| Variables | Categories | No Episiotomy | Episiotomy | X2 | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage (%) | Frequency | Percentage (%) | ||||
| Age | 14–19 years | 34 | 1.9% | 102 | 5.8% | 67.9 | 0.000 |
| 20–34 years | 655 | 37.4% | 670 | 38.3% | |||
| 35–40 years | 176 | 10.1% | 94 | 5.4% | |||
| ≥ 41 years | 16 | 0.9% | 3 | 0.2% | |||
| Marital status | Single | 253 | 14.5% | 368 | 21.0% | 50.2 | 0.000 |
| Married | 628 | 35.9% | 501 | 28.6% | |||
| Educational status | No education | 70 | 4% | 83 | 4.7% | 84.7 | 0.000 |
| Basic education | 366 | 20.9% | 222 | 12.7% | |||
| Secondary education | 337 | 19.3% | 327 | 18.7% | |||
| Tertiary education | 108 | 6.2% | 237 | 13.5% | |||
| Household monthly income | ≤ 500 GHS | 535 | 30.6% | 528 | 30.2% | 40.2 | 0.000 |
| 501–1000 GHS | 148 | 8.5% | 87 | 5% | |||
| 1001–2000 GHS | 119 | 6.8% | 199 | 11.4% | |||
| ≥ 2001 GHS | 79 | 4.5% | 55 | 3.1% | |||
| Previous pregnancies | 1 pregnancy | 128 | 7.3% | 214 | 12.2% | 58.5 | 0.000 |
| 2–4 pregnancies | 636 | 36.3% | 614 | 35.1% | |||
| ≥ 5 pregnancies | 117 | 6.7% | 41 | 2.3% | |||
| Previous vaginal deliveries | 1 vaginal delivery | 224 | 12.8% | 299 | 17.1% | 20.4 | 0.000 |
| 2–3 vaginal deliveries | 606 | 34.6% | 541 | 30.9% | |||
| ≥ 4 vaginal deliveries | 51 | 2.9% | 29 | 1.7% | |||
| Previous CS deliveries | No CS delivery | 738 | 42.2% | 776 | 44.3% | 42.3 | 0.000 |
| 1 CS delivery | 102 | 5.8% | 93 | 5.3% | |||
| ≥ 2 CS deliveries | 41 | 2.3% | - | - | |||
| Previous episiotomy | No | 426 | 24.3% | 362 | 20.7% | 7.93 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 455 | 26% | 507 | 29% | |||
| Previous perineal tearing | No | 367 | 21% | 532 | 30.4% | 67 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 514 | 29.4% | 337 | 19.3% | |||
| Types of current delivery | Breech delivery | 818 | 46.7% | 835 | 47.7% | 20.6 | 0.000 |
| SVD | 35 | 2% | 6 | 0.3% | |||
| Instrumental delivery | 28 | 1.6% | 28 | 1.6% | |||
| Who did recent delivery | Midwife | 797 | 45.5% | 832 | 47.5% | 23.2 | 0.000 |
| Rotation midwife | 43 | 2.5% | 27 | 1.5% | |||
| Others | 41 | 2.3% | 10 | 0.6% | |||
| Apgar score at one minute | ≤ 4 | 9 | 0.5% | 15 | 0.9% | 25.4 | 0.000 |
| 5–7 | 297 | 17% | 389 | 22.2% | |||
| ≥ 8 | 575 | 32.9% | 465 | 26.6% | |||
| Birth weight | < 2.5 kg | 25 | 1.4% | 26 | 1.5% | 8.94 | 0.011 |
| 2.5–4 kg | 836 | 47.8% | 838 | 47.9% | |||
| > 4 kg | 20 | 1.1% | 5 | 0.3% | |||
| Pre-existing medical condition | None | 767 | 43.8% | 780 | 44.6% | 18.8 | 0.000 |
| Anemia | 74 | 4.2% | 38 | 2.2% | |||
| Asthma/heart disease | 9 | 0.5% | 3 | 0.2% | |||
| diabetes | 9 | 0.5% | 18 | 1% | |||
| Hypertension | 22 | 1.3% | 30 | 1.7% | |||
| Duration of second stage of labour | ≤ 30 min | 659 | 37.7% | 707 | 40.4% | 18.8 | 0.000 |
| 31–60 min | 198 | 11.3% | 157 | 9% | |||
| ≥ 61 min | 24 | 1.4% | 5 | 0.3% | |||
| ANC attendance | ≤ 3 ANC attendance | 16 | 0.9% | 23 | 1.3% | 25.4 | 0.000 |
| 4–8 ANC attendance | 411 | 23.5% | 502 | 28.7% | |||
| ≥ 9 ANC attendance | 454 | 25.9% | 344 | 19.7% | |||
| Trimester for first ANC | First trimester | 631 | 36.1% | 682 | 39% | 11.7 | 0.003 |
| Second trimester | 228 | 13% | 166 | 9.5% | |||
| Third trimester | 22 | 1.3% | 21 | 1.2% | |||