Table 3.

Effects of blended learning on exercise attitude and basketball skills

Variables		Time	Measurement		Between-group		Within-group d
			TL (M ± SD)	BL (M ± SD)	p	d	TL	BL
Exercise attitude	Behavior Attitude	T0	25.9(4.3)	24.7(3.3)	0.164	0.33	0.56	1.82
		T16	28.1(3.5)	32.3(4.8) *	< 0.001	0.98
	Target Attitude	T0	42.7(6.9)	41.1(6.2)	0.305	0.24	0.46	1.29
		T16	45.6(5.5)	49.6(6.9) *	0.008	0.63
	Behavior Cognition	T0	21.7(2.5)	22.2(2.7)	0.394	0.20	2.07	4.65
		T16	27.8(3.4)	33.2(2.0) *	< 0.001	1.92
	Behavior Habit	T0	23.7(4.6)	23.3(3.2)	0.652	0.11	0.17	0.03
		T16	24.4(3.9)	24.7(5.6)	0.809	0.06
	Behavior Intention	T0	25.5(3.4)	24.1(4.0)	0.121	0.37	0.17	2.16
		T16	26.0(3.2)	31.9(3.2) *	< 0.001	1.83
	Emotional Experience	T0	35.4(6.5)	34.8(6.1)	0.686	0.10	0.35	1.01
		T16	37.5(5.3)	40.4(4.9) *	0.016	0.57
	Behavior Control	T0	30.7(5.0)	29.5(3.7)	0.242	0.28	0.19	1.59
		T16	31.7(5.0)	35.6(4.0) *	< 0.001	0.87
	Subjective Standard	T0	21.1(3.4)	20.4(3.3)	0.412	0.19	0.02	0.83
		T16	21.1(3.2)	24.1(5.3) *	0.004	0.68
Basketball skills	Set Shot	T0	22.5(9.3)	21.9(6.7)	0.719	0.08	1.93	3.41
		T16	38.7(7.4)	42.4(5.3) *	0.017	0.56
	HCDS	T0	17.9(6.3)	18.2(6.0)	0.857	0.04	1.61	2.54
		T16	30.7(9.4)	34.6(6.9) *	0.049	0.46

Note TL, traditional learning; BL, blended learning; T0, preintervention test; T16, 16-week postintervention test; HCDS, half-court dribbling and shooting; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; d, effect size; *, the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level