Table 1.
Basic information of the studies
| Number | Author | Year | Study reigon | Study design | Enrolment period | Study setting | Model name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ying P. Tabak [34] | 2009 | the United States | Aggregated data | 2004.1.1–2006.12.31 | Hospitals | BAP65 |
| 2 | Ying P. Tabak [35] | 2013 | the United States | Aggregated data | 2005.1.1–2007.12.31 | Hospitals | – |
| 3 | Peter K. Lindenauer [36] | 2013 | the United States | Aggregated data | 2008 | Hospitals | – |
| 4 | Cassandra M. Batzlaff [37] | 2014 | the United States | Retrospective cohort | 1995.4–2009.11 | ICU | – |
| 5 | Matthew Bonomo [38] | 2022 | the United States | Retrospective cohort | 2008.11–2018.12 | Hospital | – |
| 6 | Shi Chen [39] | 2023 | the United States | Aggregated data | 2002–2019 | ICU | – |
| 7 | M.J. Wildman [40] | 2009 | the UK | Prospective cohort | 2002.3–2003.9 | ICU and Respiratory High Dependency Units (RHDU) | – |
| 8 | Alex C. Asiimwe [41] | 2011 | the UK | Retrospective cohort | Unclear | Hospital | – |
| 9 | John Stee r[42] | 2012 | the UK | Prospective cohort | 2008.12–2010.6 | Hospitals | The DECAF Score |
| 10 | C Echevarria [31] | 2017 | the UK | Prospective cohort | 2008.12–2010.6 | Hospitals | The PEARL score |
| 11 | Tom Hartley [43] | 2021 | the UK | Retrospective cohort | 2008.11–2013.5 | Hospitals | The NIVO score |
| 12 | Prachya Mekanimitdee [44] | 2021 | Thailand | Retrospective cohort | 2015.10–2017.9 | Tertiary care center | The MAGENTA model |
| 13 | Susana García-Gutiérrez [45] | 2014 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2008.6–2010.9 | EDs | ABC scores |
| 14 | José M Quintana [46] | 2014 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2008.6–2010.9 | EDs | – |
| 15 | J. M. Quintana [47] | 2014 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2008.6–2010.9 | ED | – |
| 16 | Pedro Almagro [48] | 2014 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2009.10–2010.10 | EDs and internal medicine services | – |
| 17 | Cristóbal Esteban [49] | 2015 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2008.6–2010.9 | ED | CART model |
| 18 | Juan Luis García-Rivero [50] | 2017 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2013.1–2013.3 | Hospital | – |
| 19 | C esar Alameda [51] | 2021 | Spain | Prospective cohort | 2013.12–2014.11 | Health centres (HC) | – |
| 20 | Ying Wang [52] | 2014 | Norway | Retrospective cohort | 2006.3–2008.12 | Hospital | – |
| 21 | Yukiyo Sakamoto [53] | 2017 | Japan | Aggregated data | 2010.7.1–2013.3.31 | Hospitals | – |
| 22 | Akihiro Shiroshita [54] | 2022 | Japan | Retrospective cohort | 2008.4–2020.7 | Hospitals | – |
| 23 | Jiang-Chen Peng [55] | 2022 | Israel | Aggregated data | 2001–2012 | ICU | – |
| 24 | A. Mohan [56] | 2007 | India | Prospective cohort | 2004.2–2006.3 | Medical wards and ICU | – |
| 25 | Karthikeyan Ramaraju [57] | 2016 | India | Retrospective cohort | 2012.8–2013.7 | Hospital | – |
| 26 | Filia Diamantea [58] | 2014 | Greece | Prospective cohort | 2010.1–2012.6 | Respiratory medicine departments | AECOPD-F score |
| 27 | N. Roche [56] | 2008 | France | Prospective cohort | 2003.11–2004.2 | Emergency departments | – |
| 28 | Nicolas Roche [59] | 2014 | France | Retrospective cohort | 2006.10–2007.6 | Respiratory medicine department | 2008 score-new |
| 29 | Liping Fan [60] | 2014 | China | Prospective cohort | 2012.10–2014.5 | Respiratory ICU | – |
| 30 | Dong Liu [61] | 2015 | China | Prospective cohort | 2013.11–2014.2 | Respiratory medical ward or ICU | – |
| 31 | Qi‐fang Shi [62] | 2018 | China | Prospective cohort | 2016.1–2017.12 | ICU | Re-AE INDEX |
| 32 | Wei-ping Hu [63] | 2019 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2005–2007 | Hospitals | – |
| 33 | Mi Zhou [64] | 2019 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2011.2–2018.6 | Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | – |
| 34 | Yi Chen [65] | 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2017.1–2018.12 | Hospital | – |
| 35 | Xing Yu [66] | 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2015.1–2017.12 | Hospital | – |
| 36 | Junfeng Peng [67] | 2020 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2011–2018 | Hospital | – |
| 37 | Wei Bi [68] | 2020 | China | Prospective cohort | 2018.1–2018.12 | Department of Emergency Internal Medicine | – |
| 38 | Fen Dong [69] | 2021 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2015.1.1–2019.12.31 | Hospital | – |
| 39 | Lan Chen [70] | 2021 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2018.1–2020.9 | ED | – |
| 40 | Lili Chen and Shiping Chen [71] | 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | 2016.1–2019.12 | Hospital | – |
| 41 | Lifen Yang [72] | 2022 | China | Retrospective cohort | No information | Hospital | – |
| 42 | Dawei Chen [73] | 2023 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2014.1–2017.1 | Hospital | AAAAN Score |
| 43 | Lin Yu [74] | 2023 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2012.9–2021.8 | Hospital | – |
| 44 | Shiyi He [75] | 2023 | China | Prospective cohort | 2020.1–2022.6 | Hospital | – |
| 45 | Li-Na Yan [76] | 2024 | China | Retrospective cohort | 2020.6–2023.6 | Hospital | – |
| 46 | Reza Fakhraei [77] | 2023 | Canada | Retrospective cohort | 2012–2018 | General Internal Medicine ward | – |