Table 3.

Levels of urinary heavy metals of the exposed subjects in different occupational settings.

Study area	Exposed group	Cr	Cd	Ni	Cu	Mn	Zn	Pb	Reference
Iraq	Smokersc	1.93	1.18	–	–	–	–	0.07	[26]
United States	Cardiovascular disease patientsa	–	0.24	–	–	–	–	0.48	[37]
China	Suburban populationa	–	1.05	2.25	–	–	–	0.96	[38]
Germany	Non-specifically exposeda	–	0.16	1.40	–	–	–	0.59	[39]
Malaysia	Malaysian adultsa	–	0.35	4.49	–	–	–	0.70	[40]
Thailand	Electronic waste workersb	–	0.65	–	–	7.07	–	6.58	[27]
Pakistan	Leather manufacturing workersa	5.16	2.9	0.93	2.31	3.39	18.12	7.58	[28]
Pakistan	Surgical industry workersa	58.15	41.38	12.04	2.53	5.57	215	10.15	[41]
Pakistan	Working childrena	0.38	0.36	3.33	11.5	1.5	169	3.6	[42]
Pakistan	Surgical industry workersa	23	0.48	7.45	16.3	3.33	278	4.27	[43]
Spain	Iron and steel workersa	0.95	0.25	1.67	–	0.93	–	22.28	[44]
Poland	Slide bearings workersa	-	–	–	17.8	–	334	25.5	[45]
Pakistan	Steel mill workersa	18.58	15.41	9.479	–	–	–	147.48	[46]
Italy	Chrome plating workersa	7.31	–	–	–	–	–	–	[35]
Germany	Incinerator workersa	-	0.45	14.8	–	–	–	–	[36]
Germany	Dry cell workersa	-	-	–	–	0.26	–	–	[47]

^aunit in μg L⁻¹.

^bunit in μg g(creatinine)⁻¹.

^cunit in mg L⁻¹.