Fig. 3. Validation of G×ME and the interpretation of the influence of ME on neurodevelopment.

(A) Validation of significant GEWIS results obtained from ABCD using the leave-out samples as an internal validation (top) and independent adolescent study IMAGEN as an external validation (bottom). (B) Genetic overlap between SNPs showing G×ME effects on regional brain GMVs and those showing strong associations with multiple diseases and related traits. * indicates a significant overlap after BY-FDR correction. BMI, body mass index; WCadjBMI, waist circumference–adjusted BMI; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; MS, multiple sclerosis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism; Dep, depression; SCZ, schizophrenia; BIP, bipolar disorder; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; PD, Parkinson’s disease. (C) Significant G×ME effects after adjusting for family or social environmental factors. * indicates remained genome-wide significant G×ME effects. FCS, family conflict score; PMS, parenting monitoring score; ADI, area deprivation index; HI, household income.