Table 4.

Association between socio-economic/farming variables and the perceived impacts of climate change by farmers.

Variables	Category	Perceived impacts of climate change on land-based livelihoods			Gamma Value	Chi-square	P-value
		Yes (%)	No (%)	Total (%)
Gender	Female	27.4	4.4	31.9	0.1	0.44	${0.51}^{NS}$
	Male	60.2	7.9	68.1
Age	31–40	36	3.7	39.8	−0.2	4.02	${0.26}^{NS}$
	41–50	25.1	3.7	28.8
	51–60	15.8	2.3	18.1
	61 or above	10.7	2.6	13.3
Education	Illiterate	23.5	4.7	28.1	0.2	11.62	${0.07}^{NS}$
	Primary	7.9	1.6	9.5
	Middle	10.7	1.4	12.1
	Secondary	8.8	1.2	10
	Higher Secondary	6	1.6	7.7
	Graduation	17.9	0.7	18.6
	Postgraduate	12.8	1.2	14
Farming experience	<10 years	18.6	3.3	21.9	−0.9	7.53	0.05∗
	11–20 years	26.3	2.6	28.8
	21–30 years	18.8	1.4	20.2
	>30 years	24	5.1	29.1
Land holding	1-5 kanal	38.8	6	44.9
	6-10 kanal	26.5	3.3	29.8	0.06	0.49	${0.97}^{NS}$
	11-15 kanal	10	1.4	11.4
	16-20 kanal	5.3	0.7	6
	>20 kanal	7	0.9	7.9
Type of farming	Subsistence	41.6	6.7	48.4	0.2	5.7	0.05∗
	Commercial	8.1	2.1	10.2
	Mixed	37.9	3.5	41.4
No. of crops in a year	Single	36.9	58.5	39.5	0.4	9.08	0.003∗∗
	Double	63.1	41.5	60.5
Cropping zone	Single	9.5	20.8	10.9	0.3	6.46	0.04∗
	Intermediate	48.5	47.2	48.4
	Double	41.9	32.1	40.7