Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of intrinsic capacity decline subtypes.
| Mean ± SD, or number (%) | Total | Robust with mild decline | Hearing loss with cognitive decline | PCD with depression | Severe IC decline | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,782 | 902 | 197 | 373 | 310 | |
| Sex (Female) | 865 (48.5) | 337 (37.4) | 62 (31.5) | 219 (58.7) | 247 (79.7) | <0.01 |
| Age (Year) | ||||||
| 65-69 | 106 (6.0) | 67 (7.4) | 7 (3.6) | 24 (6.4) | 8 (2.6) | <0.01 |
| 70-74 | 460 (25.8) | 278 (30.8) | 35 (17.8) | 114 (30.6) | 33 (10.7) | |
| 75-79 | 505 (28.3) | 266 (29.5) | 54 (27.4) | 107 (28.7) | 78 (25.2) | |
| 80-84 | 475 (26.7) | 213 (23.6) | 60 (30.5) | 85 (22.8) | 117 (37.7) | |
| 85+ | 236 (13.2) | 78 (8.7) | 41 (20.8) | 43 (11.5) | 74 (23.9) | |
| The level of education | ||||||
| No schooling | 654 (36.7) | 216 (24.0) | 67 (34.0) | 133 (35.7) | 238 (76.8) | <0.01 |
| Elementary | 695 (39.0) | 384 (42.6) | 84 (42.6) | 168 (45.0) | 59 (19.0) | |
| Junior/Senior High | 319 (17.9) | 225 (24.9) | 30 (15.2) | 53 (14.2) | 11 (3.6) | |
| College/Graduate school | 114 (6.4) | 77 (8.5) | 16 (8.1) | 19 (5.1) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Smoking | 261 (14.7) | 162 (18.0) | 30 (15.2) | 47 (12.6) | 22 (7.1) | <0.01 |
| Alcohol use | 395 (22.2) | 260 (28.8) | 42 (21.3) | 72 (19.3) | 21 (6.8) | <0.01 |
| Visual acuity | ||||||
| Very clear | 222 (12.5) | 162 (18.0) | 15 (7.6) | 35 (9.4) | 10 (3.2) | <0.01 |
| Clear | 797 (44.7) | 485 (53.8) | 89 (45.2) | 156 (41.8) | 67 (21.6) | |
| Average | 372 (20.9) | 186 (20.6) | 46 (23.4) | 80 (21.5) | 60 (19.4) | |
| Poor | 351 (19.7) | 67 (7.4) | 45 (22.8) | 94 (25.2) | 145(46.8) | |
| Very poor | 40 (2.2) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (1.0) | 8 (2.1) | 28 (9.0) | |
| Hearing ability | ||||||
| Very clear | 410 (23.0) | 288 (31.9) | 9 (4.6) | 84 (22.5) | 29 (9.3) | <0.01 |
| Clear | 790 (44.3) | 441 (48.9) | 18 (9.1) | 206 (55.2) | 125 (40.3) | |
| Average | 314 (17.6) | 144 (16.0) | 22 (11.2) | 83 (22.3) | 65 (21.0) | |
| Poor | 260 (14.6) | 29 (3.2) | 144 (73.1) | 0 (0) | 87 (28.1) | |
| Very poor | 8 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.3) | |
| ADL (0-6) | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | <0.01 |
| IADL (0-6) | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | <0.01 |
| Mobility performance (0-9) | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 7.2 ±2.0 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | <0.01 |
| SPMSQ (0-9) | 7.4 ± 1.9 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 2.1 | <0.01 |
| CES-D (0-30) | 5.6 ± 6.1 | 2.6 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 6.0 | 10.8 ± 6.9 | 8.3 ± 6.9 | <0.01 |
| Quality of life (0-12) | 8.1 ± 2.9 | 9.2 ± 2.3 | 8.1± 2.9 | 6.7 ± 3.2 | 7.0 ± 3.1 | <0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 867 (48.7) | 401 (44.5) | 112 (56.9) | 191 (51.2) | 163 (52.6) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 314 (17.6) | 126 (14.0) | 48 (24.4) | 83 (22.3) | 57 (18.4) | <0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 276 (15.5) | 134 (14.9) | 38 (19.3) | 64 (17.2) | 40 (12.9) | 0.19 |
| Heart disease | 480 (26.9) | 196 (21.7) | 62 (31.5) | 133 (35.7) | 89 (28.7) | <0.01 |
| Stroke | 115 (6.5) | 36 (4.0) | 21 (10.7) | 28 (7.5) | 30 (9.7) | <0.01 |
| Cancer | 76 (4.3) | 35 (3.9) | 12 (6.1) | 23 (6.2) | 6 (1.9) | 0.02 |
| COPD or asthma | 232 (13.0) | 81 (9.0) | 39 (19.8) | 73 (19.6) | 39 (12.6) | <0.01 |
| Arthritis | 417 (23.4) | 143 (15.9) | 42 (21.3) | 128 (34.3) | 104 (33.6) | <0.01 |
| Gastric ulcer | 394 (22.1) | 175 (19.4) | 48 (24.4) | 105 (28.2) | 66 (21.3) | <0.01 |
| Hepatobiliary disease | 169 (9.5) | 75 (8.3) | 29 (14.7) | 93 (10.5) | 26 (8.4) | 0.04 |
| Cataract | 893 (50.1) | 417 (46.2) | 108 (54.9) | 185 (49.6) | 183 (59.0) | <0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 189 (10.6) | 71 (7.9) | 29 (14.7) | 51 (13.7) | 38 (12.3) | <0.01 |
| Gout | 186 (10.4) | 88 (9.8) | 19 (9.6) | 48 (12.9) | 31 (10.0) | 0.39 |
| Osteoporosis | 276 (15.5) | 134 (14.9) | 38 (19.3) | 64 (17.2) | 40 (12.9) | 0.18 |
| Multimorbidity | ||||||
| 0 | 214 (12.0) | 149 (16.5) | 17 (8.6) | 24 (6.4) | 24 (7.7) | <0.01 |
| 1 | 319 (17.9) | 197 (21.8) | 23 (11.7) | 49 (13.1) | 50 (16.1) | |
| 2 | 418 (23.5) | 216 (24.0) | 43 (21.8) | 85 (22.8) | 74 (23.9) | |
| ≥3 | 831 (46.6) | 340 (37.7) | 114 (57.9) | 215 (57.6) | 162 (52.3) |
SD, standard deviation; PCD, physio-cognitive decline; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; COPE, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease