Table 4.

Treatment for osteoporosis caused by aging.

Treatment for osteoporosis	Specific treatment measures
Drug therapy	The drugs for the prevention and treatment of OP could be generally divided into bone resorption inhibitors, including calcium, estrogen, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, vitamin D, and bone formation promoters, including fluoride, parathyroid hormone, vitamin K2, and growth factors. Also, some drugs had the above two bidirectional regulatory effects such as estrogen, calcitonin, vitamin D, and statins. Traditional Chinese medicine involved eumoides, epimedium, liuwei dihuang pill, qing'e-decoction and salidroside.
Exercise	Resistance exercise, strength training, high intensity exercise, flexibility and balance exercise.
Stem cell transplantation	ADSCs, dental pulp stem cells, UCMSCs, and vesicles derived from normal skeletal muscle.
Bioactive materials	3D printing biomimetic scaffolds and nanomaterials.
Nutritional and hormonal supplements	Vitamin D3.