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. 2023 Oct 13;15(6):2507–2525. doi: 10.14336/AD.2023.1010

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Copyright: © 2024 Wang et al.

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Figure 2. — Crosstalk of glial cells in the damage and protection of BBB after AIS. ①. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) released by astrocytes promotes microglia-induced C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) expression. ②. Chemokines released by astrocytes promote microglial polarization. ③. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released by microglia induce upregulation of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which leads to astrocyte endfeet swelling. ④,⑤. Pro-inflammatory cytokines released from M1 microglia and anti-inflammatory cytokines released from M2 microglia promote the polarization of astrocytes into A1/A2-type astrocytes. ⑥. M2 microglia promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). ⑦. A1-type astrocytes can inhibit oligodendrogenesis and OPCs differentiation. ⑧. In contrast, A2-type astrocytes release anti-inflammatory cytokines and nutritional factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promote oligodendrogenesis and OPCs differentiation.