TABLE 2.
Plasma biomarkers and exposure to RHI (football players vs. asymptomatic UE participants).
| Biomarker | Est. marginal mean diff. | padj [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|
| Amyloid | ||
| Aβ40 | 4.91 | 0.278 [−13.810, 3.985] |
| Aβ42 | 0.298 | 0.278 [−0.801, 0.205] |
| Tau | ||
| p‐tau181 | −0.221 | 0.016 [0.047, 0.395] |
| p‐tau231 | −0.212 | 0.016 [0.040, 0.383] |
| Neurodegeneration | ||
| t‐Tau | 0.069 | 0.647 [−0.364, 0.226] |
| Axonal injury | ||
| NfL | −0.067 | 0.362 [−0.067, −0.077] |
| Neuroinflammation | ||
| GFAP | 0.026 | 0.208 [0.139, 0.087] |
| IL‐6 | 0.223 | 0.650 [−0.491, 0.046] |
| Ratios | ||
| Aβ42/p‐tau181 | 0.545 | 0.004 [−0.890, −0.201] |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.001 | 0.582 [−0.006, 0.003] |
Note: A negative value indicates that the mean value of UE participants is lower than the mean value of football players.
Abbreviations: Aβ, beta‐amyloid; CI, confidence interval; Est. Marginal Mean Diff., estimated marginal mean difference, where a positive value indicates that the mean value of UE participants is higher than the mean value of football players; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; NfL, neurofilament light; p‐tau, hyper‐phosphorylated tau; RHI, repetitive head impacts; t‐tau, total tau; UE, unexposed.
Bolded results indicate significance.