TABLE 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Feature |
HC n = 15 |
MCI n = 28 |
AD n = 13 |
F/χ2 | p‐value | p < 0.05* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 64.9 ± 8.1 | 70.1 ± 6.8 | 73.1 ± 5.5 | 5.1 | 0.01 | b |
| Gender, men/women | 5/10 | 13/15 | 6/7 | 0.76 | 0.68 | |
| Education, years (mean ± SD) | 14.5 ± 3.4 | 13.1 ± 4.4 | 12.2 ± 3.9 | 1.26 | 0.29 | |
| Symptoms onset, years (mean ± SD) | NA | 2.9 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 3.7 | 0.08 | 0.78 | |
| MMSE (mean ± SD) | 29.2 ± 1.5 | 28.6 ± 1.3 | 22.0 ± 3.2 | 60.16 | < 0.001 | b, c |
| GDS‐15 (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.4 ± 2.3 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.35 | 0.27 | |
| CDR (mean ± SD) | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 89.72 | <0.001 | a, b, c |
| Hachinski (mean ± SD) | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.37 | 0.69 | |
| Pharmacological Treatment | ||||||
| Total number, (mean ± SD) | 2.3 ± 2 | 4 ± 1.6 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 5.85 | 0.01 | a, b |
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, n | 0 | 13 | 10 | 17.69 | <0.001 | a, b |
| Memantine, n | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3.6 | 0.17 | |
| Antidepressants, n | 1 | 10 | 4 | 3.6 | 0.17 | |
| Antipsychotics, n | 0 | 2 | 5 | 2.98 | 0.23 | |
| APOE ε4 Carriers, % | 38.5 | 36.8 | 44.4 | 0.15 | 0.93 |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer´s dementia; APOE ε4, apolipoprotein E gene ε4 allele; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; SD, standard deviation.
a
Multiple comparisons: a = HC are different from AD; b = MCI are different from AD; c = HC are different from MCI.