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. 2024 Oct 9;20(11):7437–7452. doi: 10.1002/alz.13885

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© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Associations between cognitive measures and risk factors, controlling for age and gender. Filled circles represent values significant at p < .0038, that is, after applying Bonferroni correction per dependent variable. Higher estimates indicate worse cognitive outcomes. Circles and lines represent (A) standardized beta estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or (B and C) odds ratios with 95% CIs. In (C), objective cognitive scores were binarized to enable direct comparison of odds ratios with subjective memory problems.