TABLE 2.
Description of risk factor measures.
| Measure | Description/question(s) | Descriptive statistics a | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education |
0 = No formal education 1 = Lower secondary education 2 = Upper secondary education 3 = University/College degree or equivalent 4 = Master's degree or equivalent 5 = PhD or equivalent |
M = 2.82 SD = 1.00 Range = 0 to 5 |
N/A |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) | The Subjective SES scale: Participants were asked to place themselves on a ladder representing where people stand (in the country they live in) with respect to money, education, and respected jobs |
M = 5.95 SD = 1.77 Range = 1 to 10 |
51 |
| Depression | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale: a 20‐item self‐report scale for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population, which asks about the frequency of symptoms over the past week |
M = 17.96 SD = 13.59 Range = 0 to 60 |
52 |
| Loneliness | UCLA Loneliness Scale: a 20‐item self‐report scale for measuring general loneliness |
M = 21.10 SD = 15.54 Range = 0 to 60 |
53 |
| Social network | Lubben Social Network Scale: a 6‐item self‐report measure of social engagement with family and friends |
M = 15.96 SD = 6.46 Range = 0 to 30 |
54 |
| Hearing handicap | Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly–Screening version (HHIE‐S): a 10‐item self‐report scale measuring emotional and social consequences of hearing impairment in adults |
M = 5.60 SD = 7.47 Range = 0 to 40 |
55 |
| Tinnitus | “In the past year have you had buzzing, ringing, or noise (tinnitus) in your ears that lasts longer than 5 minutes?” (No/Yes, in the past week/Yes, not in the past week/Do not know) |
Yes, in the past week/ Yes, not in the past week: 992 (29.8%) No/do not know: 2335 (70.2%) |
56 |
| History of stroke | “Have you ever had a stroke?” (Yes/No) |
Yes: 45 (1.4%) No: 3282 (98.6%) |
N/A |
| Diabetes | “Have you been diagnosed with diabetes by a doctor?” (Yes/No) |
Yes: 174 (5.2%) No: 3153 (94.8%) |
N/A |
| Hypertension | “Have you been diagnosed with high blood pressure (hypertension) by a doctor?” (Yes/No) |
Yes: 511 (15.4%) No: 2816 (84.6%) |
N/A |
| Smoking history | “Please indicate which of the following best describes you:” (1. Non‐smoker/ 2. Ex‐smoker/ 3. Current smoker/ 4. Unknown) |
Current smoker/Ex‐smoker: 1134 (34.1%) Non‐smoker/Unknown: 2193 (65.9%) |
Based on PREVENT study 47 |
| Exercise | Godin‐Shephard Leisure‐Time Physical Activity Questionnaire: a self‐report measure of physical activity that asks about the frequency of strenuous, moderate, and mild exercise per week |
M = 32.70 SD = 25.48 Range = 0 to 119 |
57 |
| Family history of dementia |
“Was your biological mother ever diagnosed with dementia?” (Yes/No) “Was your biological father ever diagnosed with dementia?” (Yes/No) |
Yes (either parent or both): 560 (16.8%) No: 271 (83.2%) |
Based on PREVENT study 47 |
By design, there were no missing data for either measure in the total sample.