Fig. 4.
Signalling requirements for the development of IL-7-Tph cells. The frequency (left) and cell number in a culture well (right) of PD-1high CTVlow cells after culturing PBMC with IL-7 in the presence or absence of anti-DR mAb (A) or CTLA-4 Ig (B) is shown (n = 9). (C) Effect of adding anti-IL-2 mAb and TGF-β was examined (n = 4). (D) Representative dot plots showing the induction of IL-7-Tph cells from either naïve (upper panels) or memory (lower panels) CD4 T cells as depicted by the expression of CD45RA and PD-1 (d0 and d14 left). Expression of CXCL13 and IL-21 in PD-1high CTVlow cells after stimulation was shown in the right panels. (E) The effect of adding anti-DR mAb or CTLA-4 Ig on the induction of IL-7-Tph cells from naive (left) or memory (right) CD4 T cells (n = 5). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01.