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. 2024 Nov 15;15:9922. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54078-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Forest plot of the estimated parametric g-formula risk (%), risk difference (RD, %), and restricted mean event-free based number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one cardiovascular, all-cause mortality, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular event under natural course and feasible interventions (unless stated) after 29 years of follow-up from the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study 1992-2020. Note: ^† Feasible treat-to-target cholesterol-lowering intervention, defined as 80% of eligible participants receiving the intervention at the follow-up examination over the study period, where the treat-to-target cholesterol-lowering intervention is based on cholesterol-lowering targets recommended by the Chinese Society of Cardiology in 2020 on LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels, i.e., for participants with diabetes at high cardiovascular risk, lower the LDL-C to < 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 1.8 mmol/L) or LDL-C reduction to > 50% from baseline whichever is the lowest and non-HDL-C to < 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 2.6 mmol/L); for participants without diabetes who are at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk lower the LDL-C to < 2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 2.6 mmol/L) and non-HDL-C to < 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 3.4 mmol/L); for participants at low cardiovascular risk, lower LDL-C to < 3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 3.4 mmol/L) and a non-HDL-C < 4.2 mmol/L (160 mg/dL, i.e., a fixed level drawed from a uniform distribution with a upper bound of 4.2 mmol/L).