Table 1.
Results of meta-analyses of seven cohorts comparing patients with schizophrenia or first-episode psychosis and controls in the first regression model.
| Effect size (95% CI) | Standard error | z-value | p-value | I2 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigenetic age acceleration | |||||
| AgeAccelHorvath | 0.01436 (−0.04974–0.07846) | 0.03271 | 0.4390 | 0.6607 | 59.84771 |
| AgeAccelHannum | 0.06565 (0.0071–0.12419) | 0.02987 | 2.1978 | 0.02796 | 54.07542 |
| AgeAccelSkinBlood | 0.00506 (−0.07359–0.0837) | 0.04013 | 0.1261 | 0.8997 | 72.98467 |
| AgeAccelPheno | 0.04658 (0.00447–0.0887) | 0.02149 | 2.1681 | 0.03015 | 18.28734 |
| AgeAccelGrim | 0.05105 (0.01783–0.08426) | 0.01695 | 3.0123 | 2.593 × 10−3 | 73.93120 |
| AgeAccelGrim2 | 0.06189 (0.02485–0.09893) | 0.01890 | 3.2752 | 1.056 × 10−3 | 70.99716 |
| DNAmTLAdjAge | 0.0476 (0.01251–0.08268) | 0.01790 | 2.6592 | 7.834 × 10−3 | 0.28555 |
| DunedinPACE | 0.11032 (0.03647–0.18418) | 0.03768 | 2.9278 | 3.413 × 10−3 | 81.76752 |
| GrimAge component | |||||
| DNAmADM | 0.04583 (0.01477–0.07689) | 0.01585 | 2.8918 | 3.831 × 10−3 | 50.64403 |
| DNAmB2M | 0.01954 (0.00363–0.03544) | 0.00811 | 2.4079 | 0.01605 | 1.03658 |
| DNAmCystatinC | 0.04409 (0.02337–0.06482) | 0.01057 | 4.1701 | 3.044 × 10−5 | 36.13580 |
| DNAmGDF15 | 0.01334 (−0.0074–0.03408) | 0.01058 | 1.2603 | 0.2076 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmLeptin | 0.01771 (−0.01031–0.04573) | 0.01429 | 1.2390 | 0.2153 | 20.33215 |
| DNAmPAI1 | 0.07005 (0.00191–0.13818) | 0.03476 | 2.0150 | 0.04391 | 70.90783 |
| DNAmTIMP1 | 0.02497 (−0.00107–0.05101) | 0.01329 | 1.8796 | 0.06016 | 82.00243 |
| DNAmPACKYRS | 0.38428 (0.30328–0.46529) | 0.04133 | 9.2978 | 1.434 × 10−20 | 84.76522 |
| GrimAge2 component | |||||
| DNAmadm | 0.05165 (0.01883–0.08447) | 0.01675 | 3.0847 | 2.037 × 10−3 | 48.10259 |
| DNAmCystatin_C | 0.05085 (0.02001–0.08168) | 0.01573 | 3.2323 | 1.228 × 10−3 | 54.99437 |
| DNAmGDF_15 | 0.01927 (−0.00789–0.04643) | 0.01386 | 1.3906 | 0.1643 | 21.94192 |
| DNAmleptin | 0.01907 (−0.00924–0.04738) | 0.01444 | 1.3201 | 0.1868 | 21.61222 |
| DNAmpai_1 | 0.06994 (0.00185–0.13804) | 0.03474 | 2.0131 | 0.04411 | 70.87446 |
| DNAmTIMP_1 | 0.0263 (−0.01644–0.06904) | 0.02181 | 1.2059 | 0.2278 | 86.32211 |
All values were calculated by meta-analyses using a random-effects model with standardized regression coefficients and standard errors for phenotypes in each cohort using the R package metafor. In these regression analyses, the first regression model was used.
The first regression model: Each item (Age acceleration, GrimAge component, or GrimAge2 component) ~ Phenotype (controls or patients) + Age + Sex + DNAmPACKYRS.
I2 values were used to evaluate heterogeneity (0–40%, might not be important; 30–60%, may present moderate heterogeneity; 50–90%, may present substantial heterogeneity; 75–100%, considerable heterogeneity).
ADM adrenomedullin, adm adrenomedullin, B2M beta‐2 microglobulin, CI confidence interval, DNAm DNA methylation, DNAmPACKYRS DNA methylation‐based smoking pack‐years, DNAmTLadjAge age‐adjusted estimate of DNA methylation‐based telomere length, GDF15 growth differentiation factor‐15, GDF_15 growth differentiation factor‐15, PAI1 plasminogen activation inhibitor‐1, pai_1 plasminogen activation inhibitor‐1, TIMP‐1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1, TIMP_1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1.
p < 0.05 are shown in bold and italic.