Table 2.
Results of meta-analyses of five cohorts comparing patients with schizophrenia, excluding first-episode psychosis, and controls in the first regression model.
| Effect size (95% CI) | Standard error | z-value | p-value | I2 (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigenetic age acceleration | |||||
| AgeAccelHorvath | −0.0137 (−0.1142–0.08681) | 0.05128 | −0.2671 | 0.7894 | 68.92855 |
| AgeAccelHannum | 0.0296 (−0.09748–0.15669) | 0.06484 | 0.4565 | 0.6480 | 81.47102 |
| AgeAccelSkinBlood | −0.03772 (−0.15239–0.07695) | 0.05851 | −0.6448 | 0.5191 | 76.06965 |
| AgeAccelPheno | 0.05406 (0.00594–0.10218) | 0.02455 | 2.2018 | 0.02768 | 0.10564 |
| AgeAccelGrim | 0.07585 (0.05678–0.09491) | 0.00973 | 7.7974 | 6.320 × 10−15 | 0.33303 |
| AgeAccelGrim2 | 0.08426 (0.05512–0.11341) | 0.01487 | 5.6668 | 1.455 × 10−8 | 30.99890 |
| DNAmTLAdjAge | 0.06776 (0.02121–0.11431) | 0.02375 | 2.8531 | 4.329 × 10−3 | 1.20983 |
| DunedinPACE | 0.14869 (0.07489–0.22249) | 0.03765 | 3.9488 | 7.853 × 10−5 | 69.37428 |
| GrimAge component | |||||
| DNAmADM | 0.06975 (0.04462–0.09489) | 0.01283 | 5.4386 | 5.370 × 10−8 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmB2M | 0.02386 (0.00508–0.04264) | 0.00958 | 2.4906 | 0.01275 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmCystatinC | 0.05208 (0.03426–0.0699) | 0.00909 | 5.7296 | 1.007 × 10−8 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmGDF15 | 0.02085 (−0.0038–0.04549) | 0.01257 | 1.6580 | 0.09731 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmLeptin | 0.02325 (−0.00912–0.05562) | 0.01652 | 1.4077 | 0.1592 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmPAI1 | 0.11368 (0.06989–0.15747) | 0.02234 | 5.0879 | 3.621 × 10−7 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmTIMP1 | 0.03287 (−0.00024–0.06599) | 0.01689 | 1.9458 | 0.05168 | 83.59582 |
| DNAmPACKYRS | 0.44681 (0.38172–0.51191) | 0.03321 | 13.453 | 2.950 × 10−41 | 59.97047 |
| GrimAge2 component | |||||
| DNAmadm | 0.07382 (0.04654–0.1011) | 0.01392 | 5.3036 | 1.135 × 10−7 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmCystatin_C | 0.05785 (0.03579–0.07991) | 0.01125 | 5.1407 | 2.737 × 10−7 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmGDF_15 | 0.02355 (−0.01009–0.05719) | 0.01716 | 1.3723 | 0.1700 | 23.84953 |
| DNAmleptin | 0.02506 (−0.00732–0.05743) | 0.01652 | 1.5169 | 0.1293 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmpai_1 | 0.11353 (0.06974–0.15732) | 0.02234 | 5.0810 | 3.754 × 10−7 | 0.00000 |
| DNAmTIMP_1 | 0.02251 (−0.03593–0.08095) | 0.02982 | 0.7550 | 0.4502 | 89.55722 |
All values were calculated by meta-analyses using a random-effects model with standardized regression coefficients and standard errors for phenotypes in each cohort using the R package metafor. In these regression analyses, the first regression model was used.
The first regression model: Each item (Age acceleration, GrimAge component, or GrimAge2 component) ~ Phenotype (controls or patients) + Age + Sex + DNAmPACKYRS.
I2 values were used to evaluate heterogeneity (0–40%, might not be important; 30–60%, may present moderate heterogeneity; 50–90%, may present substantial heterogeneity; 75–100%, considerable heterogeneity).
ADM adrenomedullin, B2M beta-2 microglbulin, CI confidence interval, GDF15 growth differentiation factor-15, PAI1 plasminogen activation inhibitor-1, TIMP1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, DNAm DNA methylation, DNAmPACKYRS DNA methylation-based smoking pack-years, DNAmTLadjAge age-adjusted estimate of DNA methylation-based telomere length.
p < 0.05 are shown in bold and italic.