Table 1.
Descriptive statistics (N = 1049).
| Online learning engagement M(SD) |
Motivation M(SD) |
Proactive personality M(SD) |
Positive emotions M(SD) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 3.11(0.87) | 3.97(0.69) | 3.81(0.84) | 3.71(0.78) |
| Female | 2.90(0.82) | 3.91(0.59) | 3.54(0.84). | 3.51(0.71) | |
| T-test | 3.90*** | 1.54 | 4.94*** | 4.29*** | |
| Grade | First-year | 3.15(0.84) | 4.07(0.60) | 3.77(0.86) | 3.72(0.77) |
| Second-year | 2.92(0.84) | 3.92(0.61) | 3.60(0.86) | 3.5(0.74) | |
| Third-year | 2.85(0.82) | 3.81(0.60) | 3.51(0.80) | 3.5(0.66) | |
| Fourth-year | 2.66(0.76) | 3.67(0.61) | 3.41(0.82) | 3.3(0.70) | |
| Graduates | 3.09(0.91) | 3.93(0.83) | 3.72(0.83) | 3.57(0.71) | |
| F-test | 10.56*** | 9.22*** | 5.39*** | 6.51*** | |
| Major | STEM | 2.93(0.82) | 3.90(0.60) | 3.65(0.78) | 3.6(0.70) |
| Arts & sports | 3.11(0.83) | 4.02(0.65) | 3.81(0.79) | 3.72(0.71) | |
| Literature & history | 2.87(0.83) | 3.86(0.61) | 3.47(0.86) | 3.4(0.72) | |
| Economics & management | 2.87(0.83) | 3.89(0.57) | 3.59(0.86) | 3.52(0.71) | |
| Others | 2.94(0.90) | 3.93(0.64) | 3.50(0.97) | 3.4(0.84) | |
| F-test | 2.59* | 3.31* | 6.57*** | 5.48*** | |
| Course Taken | 1–4 | 2.99(0.84) | 3.95(0.60) | 3.63(0.84) | 3.57(0.74) |
| 5–8 | 2.94(0.81) | 3.93(0.62) | 3.64(0.87) | 3.6(0.73) | |
| 9–12 | 2.95(0.84) | 3.91(0.66) | 3.63(0.87) | 3.5(0.70) | |
| 13 or more | 2.90(0.96) | 3.85(0.71) | 3.57(0.84) | 3.52(0.81) | |
| F-test | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.14 | 0.33 | |