Table 5.

Summary of hypothesis testing.

Hypothesis	Supported	Effect size	Finding
H1	Yes***	Large	Proactive personality has a significant positive impact on online learning engagement.
H2	Yes***	Large	Proactive personality has a significant positive impact on positive emotions.
H3	Yes***	Medium	Positive emotions have a significant positive impact on online learning engagement.
H4	Yes***	Medium	There is a significant positive correlation between proactive personality and online learning engagement, which is strengthened through the mediating role of positive emotions.
H5	Yes***	Medium	Proactive personality has a significant positive impact on learning motivation.
H6	Yes***	Large	Learning motivation has a significant positive impact on online learning engagement.
H7	Yes***	Medium	There is a significant positive correlation between proactive personality and online learning engagement, which is strengthened through the mediating role of learning motivation.
H8	Yes***	Medium	Positive emotions have a significant positive impact on learning motivation.
H9	Yes***	Small	There is a significant positive correlation between proactive personality and online learning engagement, which is strengthened through the serial mediating role of positive emotions and learning motivation.