Table 2.
Weighted prevalence ratios for osteoarthritis before and during COVID-19 by sex.
| Variables | Overall (2005-2021) | Before the pandemic (2005-2019) | During the pandemic (2020-2021) | During the pandemic compared with before the pandemic (reference) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Weighted PRa (95% CI) | P value | Weighted PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted ratio of PR (95% CI) | P value | Weighted ratio of PR (95% CI) | P value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Age group (y) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
19-39 | 1.00 (ref) | —b | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
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|
40-59 | 4.50 (3.23-6.27)c | <.001c | 9.99 (7.88-12.66)c | <.001c | 4.26 (3.11-5.83)c | <.001c | 8.61 (6.84-10.84)c | <.001c | 4.48 (2.50-8.04)c | <.001 | 14.26 (8.51-23.89)c | <.001c | 1.05 (0.54-2.04) | .88 | 1.66 (0.94-2.91) | .08 | |||||||||||||||||||
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|
≥60 | 13.69 (9.83-19.08)c | <.001c | 39.56 (31.11-50.30)c | <.001c | 13.16 (9.67-17.89)c | <.001c | 31.22 (24.74-39.40)c | <.001c | 14.19 (7.98-25.24)c | <.001c | 69.78 (41.66-116.88)c | <.001c | 1.08 (0.56-2.07) | .82 | 2.24 (1.27-3.94)c | .005c | |||||||||||||||||||
| Region of residence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rural | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
|
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Urban | 1.06 (0.91-1.24)c | <.001c | 1.08 (0.99-1.17) | .11 | 0.98 (0.85-1.12) | .72 | 1.03 (0.95-1.12) | .51 | 1.18 (0.90-1.57) | .24 | 1.11 (0.95-1.30) | .19 | 1.20 (0.88-1.64) | .24 | 1.08 (0.90-1.29) | .41 | |||||||||||||||||||
| BMI group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Underweight or normal weight | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
|
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Overweight or obese | 1.40 (1.21-1.61) | .47 | 1.68 (1.55-1.83)c | <.001c | 1.43 (1.25-1.63)c | <.001 | 1.80 (1.67-1.93)c | <.001c | 1.42 (1.10-1.84)c | .007c | 1.54 (1.33-1.77)c | <.001c | 1.26 (1.08-1.47)c | .004c | 0.86 (0.73-1.00) | .06 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Level of education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
College or higher education | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
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High school or lower education | 1.86 (1.57-2.20)c | <.001c | 2.28 (2.07-2.50)c | <.001c | 1.84 (1.59-2.12)c | <.001c | 2.39 (2.18-2.61)c | <.001c | 1.81 (1.35-2.44)c | <.001c | 1.98 (1.71-2.30)c | <.001c | 0.98 (0.71-1.37) | .92 | 0.83 (0.70-0.99)c | .03c | |||||||||||||||||||
| Household income | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
High (third and highest quartile) | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
|
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Low (lowest and second quartile) | 1.36 (1.17-1.58)c | <.001c | 1.23 (1.13-1.33)c | <.001c | 1.42 (1.24-1.63)c | <.001c | 1.14 (1.05-1.23)c | <.001c | 1.36 (1.06-1.74)c | .02c | 1.35 (1.18-1.54)c | <.001c | 0.96 (0.72-1.27) | .77 | 1.18 (1.01-1.38)c | .03c | |||||||||||||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nonsmoker | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | 1.00 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
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Smoker or ex-smoker | 1.05 (0.87-1.26) | .64 | 1.07 (0.95-1.22) | .27 | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) | .78 | 1.08 (0.96-1.21) | .22 | 1.08 (0.79-1.47) | .62 | 1.06 (0.84-1.34) | .63 | 1.06 (0.75-1.50) | .75 | 0.98 (0.76-1.27) | .89 | |||||||||||||||||||
aPR: prevalence ratio.
bNot available.
cSignificant variance (P<.05).