Table 1.
Characteristics of the Clinical Observational Cohort (N = 423)
| Influenza (n = 142) | COVID-19 (n = 281) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 78 (55) | 200 (71) | 0.0011 |
| Mean age, yr, (SD) | 59 (14) | 63 (11) | 0.0032 |
| Median BMI (IQR) | 26 (23–30) | 28 (25–33) | 0.00030 |
| COPD | 23 (16) | 37 (13) | 0.46 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 8 (5.6) | 3 (1.1) | 0.0085 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 (18) | 102 (36) | 0.00013 |
| EORTC/MSGERC host factor* | 39 (27) | 70 (25) | 0.64 |
| Solid organ transplant | 17 (12) | 46 (16) | 0.25 |
| Hematological malignancy | 9 (6.3) | 17 (6.0) | 1 |
| Allogeneic HSCT | 3 (2.1) | 4 (1.4) | 0.69 |
| Recent prolonged neutropenia | 5 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 0.0041 |
| Recent prolonged high-dose CS | 7 (4.9) | 3 (1.1) | 0.035 |
| T- or B-cell immunosuppressants | 27 (19) | 62 (22) | 0.53 |
| Inherited severe immunodeficiency | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Low-dose CS† as home medication | 26 (18) | 58 (21) | 0.61 |
| Received antibiotics in 5 d before ICU admission | 97 (68) | 140 (50) | 0.00029 |
| Received antibiotics in first 14 d of ICU stay | 141 (99.3) | 280 (99.6) | 1 |
| Median APACHE II score at ICU admission (IQR) | 27 (21–31) (n = 121) | 20 (16–26) (n = 243) | <0.00001 |
| Median Charlson Comorbidity Index at ICU admission (IQR) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.33 |
| CS (daily dose ⩾ 20 mg prednisone equivalent) as treatment in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 99 (70) | 258 (92) | <0.00001 |
| Tocilizumab in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 0 | 14 (5.0) | 0.0035 |
| Received MV | 142 (100) | 281 (100) | 1 |
| Median days of MV (IQR) | 11 (7–19) | 15 (9–26) | 0.0017 |
| Received ECMO | 29 (20) | 60 (21) | 0.90 |
| Median days of ECMO (IQR) | 10 (7–14) (n = 29) | 14 (10–24) (n = 60) | 0.025 |
| Required RRT | 44 (31) | 63 (22) | 0.059 |
| Median days ICU stay (IQR) | 18 (11–30) | 26 (16–43) | 0.00001 |
| Median days hospital stay (IQR) | 34 (21–56) | 40 (24–64) | 0.050 |
| BAL culture performed in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 142 (100) | 281 (100) | 1 |
| BAL bacterial PCR performed in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 123 (87) | 240 (85) | 0.77 |
| Bacterial pathogen positive in BAL culture or PCR in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 28 (20) | 104 (37) | 0.00025 |
| Median days between ICU admission and first positive sample for bacterial pathogen (IQR) | 2 (0–5) (n = 28) | 7 (3–9) (n = 104) | 0.00039 |
| Probable/proven aspergillosis during ICU stay‡ | 59 (42) | 104 (37) | 0.40 |
| Median days between ICU admission and first mycological evidence of IAPA or CAPA (IQR) | 4 (2–8) (n = 59) | 6 (3–12) (n = 104) | 0.015 |
| IAPA/CAPA diagnosed in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 54/59 (92) | 86/104 (83) | 0.16 |
| Bacterial pathogen positive in BAL culture/PCR in first 2 wk of ICU stay in patients with IAPA/CAPA diagnosis in first 2 wk of ICU stay | 11/54 (20) | 34/86 (40) | 0.025 |
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; BMI = body mass index; CAPA = COVID-19–associated pulmonary aspergillosis; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; CS = corticosteroids; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; EORTC = European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; GM = galactomannan; GVHD = graft-versus-host disease; HSCT = hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; IAPA = influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis; IQR = interquartile range; MSGERC = Mycosis Study Group Education and Research Consortium; MV = mechanical ventilation; RRT = renal replacement therapy.
Data are given as n (%) unless otherwise noted. P values were calculated for categorical variables by Fisher’s exact test and for continuous variables with Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test where appropriate.
EORTC/MSGERC host factors for invasive mold disease (34).
Daily dose below the EORTC/MSGERC corticosteroid host factor cutoff as chronic home medication.