Table 1.
Characteristics and outcomes of individuals with a positive COVID-19 test (exposed) and matched control individuals with a negative COVID-19 test (unexposed)
| All |
Female |
Male |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 Exposed (n = 255,037) | COVID-19 Unexposed (n = 509,876) | Total (N = 764,913) | P Value | COVID-19 Exposed (n = 128,607) | COVID-19 Unexposed (n = 257,133) | Total (n = 385,740) | P Value | COVID-19 Exposed (n = 126,337) | COVID-19 Unexposed (n = 252,577) | Total (n = 378,914) | P Value | |
| Age, yr | 42.1 ± 16.8 | 42.2 ± 16.7 | 42.2 ± 16.8 | 0.90 | 42.3 ± 17.1 | 42.3 ± 17.1 | 42.3 ± 17.1 | 0.94 | 42.0 ± 16.4 | 42.0 ± 16.4 | 42.0 ± 16.4 | 0.93 |
| Male sex | 126,337 (49.6%) | 252,577 (49.6%) | 378,914 (49.6%) | 0.99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Elixhauser index | 0.3 ± 4.7 | 0.2 ± 4.8 | 0.2 ± 4.7 | 0.002 | 0.04 ± 4.6 | −0.01 ± 4.7 | 0.01 ± 4.7 | 0.004 | 0.5 ± 4.7 | 0.4 ± 4.9 | 0.5 ± 4.8 | 0.14 |
| Rural | 36,736 (14.4%) | 73,592 (14.4%) | 110,328 (14.4%) | 0.73 | 18,989 (14.8%) | 38,037 (14.8%) | 57,026 (14.8%) | 0.82 | 17,728 (14.0%) | 35,530 (14.1%) | 53,258 (14.1%) | 0.77 |
| VTE | 921 (0.4%) | 954 (0.2%) | 1,875 (0.2%) | <0.0001 | 328 (0.3%) | 430 (0.2%) | 758 (0.2%) | <0.0001 | 593 (0.5%) | 524 (0.2%) | 1,117 (0.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Days from COVID-19 test date to VTE diagnosis date | 10 (4 to 19) | 6 (−1 to 57) | 9 (0 to 28) | 0.01 | 10 (3 to 22) | 5 (−1 to 53) | 8 (0 to 34) | 0.002 | 10 (4 to 17) | 6 (−1 to 59) | 9 (1 to 26) | 0.54 |
| Died ≤28 d from COVID-19 test | 2,829 (1.1%) | 2,168 (0.4%) | 4,997 (0.7%) | <0.0001 | 1,203 (0.9%) | 879 (0.3%) | 2,082 (0.5%) | <0.0001 | 1,626 (1.3%) | 1,289 (0.5%) | 2,915 (0.8%) | <0.0001 |
| ED visits ≤28 d from COVID-19 test | 0.22 ± 0.6 | 0.16 ± 0.6 | 0.18 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalization ≤28 d from COVID-19 test | 0.07 ± 0.29 | 0.05 ± 0.26 | 0.06 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Received an anticoagulant | 2,321 (0.9%) | 4,097 (0.8%) | 6,418 (0.8%) | <0.0001 | 1,081 (0.8%) | 1,942 (0.8%) | 3,023 (0.8%) | 0.005 | 1,240 (1.0%) | 2,155 (0.9%) | 3,395 (0.9%) | <0.0001 |
Definition of abbreviations: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; ED = emergency department; VTE = venous thromboembolism.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) as applicable. Characteristics of individuals with COVID-19 and matched control individuals without COVID-19 and the VTE outcomes in 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after COVID-19 or index date.