Table 1.
Main characteristics of the studies included
| Study | Study region | Study period | Study design | Sample size | Age | Male/female | Site | Treatment | Body compositions and outcomes | Methods, site, and software | Cut-off | NOS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coelen et al. [16] | Nether-lands | 1998–2013 | R | 100 | - | 64/36 | PHC | Surgery | SMI (OS, PMC, Liver failure) | CT, L3, OsiriX Version 5.8 | < 46.8 cm2/m2 in males and < 39.1 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Zhou et al. [17] | China | 01/2000-08/2014 | R | 67 | 61 (47–81)c | 22/45 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS, RFS, PMC) | CT, L3 | < 43.8 cm2/m2 in males and < 41.1 cm2/m2 in females | 6 | |
| Okumura et al. [18] | Japan | 01/2004-04/2015 | R | 109 | 68 (61–73)c | 67/42 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS, RFS, PMC), SMD (OS, RFS) | CT, L3, Aquarius iNtuition Server | SMI: < 52.5 cm2/m2 in males and < 41.2 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: < 38.3 HU in males and < 31.0 HU in females | 7 | |
| Umetsu et al. [19] | Japan | 02/2008-03/2015 | R | 65 | 72 (31–81)b | 47/18 | DCC | Surgery | PMI (OS, RFS, PMC) | CT, L3 | < 5.9 cm2/m2 in males and < 3.5 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Yugawa et al. [23] | Japan | 05/2000-10/2017 | R | 61 | - | 42/19 | ICC | Surgery | PMA (OS, RFS) | CT, L3 | < 34.6 cm2 in males and < 18.1 cm2 in females | 6 | |
| Hahn et al. [20] | Germany | 01/1997-01/2018 | R | 361 | 64.8 (56–72)c | 206/155 | ICC | Surgical or non-surgical treatment | PMI (OS) | CT, L3 | < 5.7 cm2/m2 in males and < 5.1 cm2/m2 in females | 8 | |
| Kitano et al. [21] | Japan | 04/2005-12/2014 | R | 110 | - | 75/35 | PHC, DCC | Surgery | SMI (OS), SAI (OS), VAI (OS) | CT, L3, SYNAPSE VINCENT software | SMI: < 43 cm2/m2 in male and < 41 cm2/m2 in female in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 53 cm2/m2 in male in patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; SAI: < 82 cm2; VAI: < 153 cm2 | 7 | |
| Van et al. [22] | Rotterdam | 2002–2014 | R | 233 | 66 (57–74)c | 140/93 | PHC | Surgical or non-surgical treatment | SMI (OS), SMD (OS) | CT, L3 | SMI: < 46.8 cm2/m2 in males and < 39.1 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: median value | 7 | |
| Deng et al. [28] | China | 08/2012-10/2019 | P | 121 | 65 (40–87)c | 52/69 | ICC | Surgery | PMI (OS, RFS) | CT, L3 | < 8.6 cm2/m2 in males and < 6.0 cm2/m2 in females | 6 | |
| Jördens et al. [25] | Germany | 2011–2021 | R | 75 | 70 (30–87)b | 40/35 | CCA | Non-surgical treatment | SMI (OS), PMI (OS), SMD (OS) | CT, L3, 3D Slicer | SMI: < 72 cm2/m2; PMI: < 6.3 cm2/m2; SMD: < 30.5 HU | 6 | |
| Li et al. [26](D) | China | 01/2009-05/2017 | R | 460 | 58 (49–64)c | 223/237 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS, RFS) | CT, L3, Mimics | < 42.6 cm2/m2 in males and < 37.8 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Li et al. [26](V) | 153 | 59 (50–67)c | 87/66 | ||||||||||
| Zhang et al. [28] | China | 01/2016-03/2019 | R | 104 | 56.4 ± 22.9a | 56/48 | PHC | Non-surgical treatment | SMI (OS, PMC) | CT, L3, MAGNETOM Skyra | < 47.0 cm2/m2 in males and < 35.1 cm2/m2 in females | 6 | |
| Lee et al. [29] | Korea | 01/2006-12/2016 | P | 328 | - | 220/108 | PHC | Surgery | SMI (Liver failure) | CT, L3, MATLAB version R2010a | < 50.2 cm2/m2 in males and < 38.6 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Lurje et al. [30](i) | Germany | 05/2010-12/2019 | R | 86 | 65 ± 11.4a | 49/37 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS, PMC), SMD (OS) | CT, L3, 3D Slicer software | SMI: < 43 cm2/m2 in male and < 41 cm2/m2 in female in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 53 cm2/m2 in male in patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; SMD: < 41 HU in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 33 HU in patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 7 | |
| Lurje et al. [30](p) | 103 | 66 ± 10.4a | 32/71 | PHC | |||||||||
| Umezawa et al. [31] | Japan | 01/2006-04/2020 | R | 88 | - | 65/23 | DCC | Surgery | PMI (PMC) | CT, L3 | < 5.9 cm2/m2 in males and < 4.0 cm2/m2 in females | 6 | |
| Tamura et al. [27] | Japan | 09/2002-12/2017 | R | 111 | 72 (39–85)b | 86/25 | DCC | Surgery | SMI (OS) | CT, L3, SYNAPSE VINCENT software | < 55 cm2/m2 in males and < 36 cm2/m2 in females | 6 | |
| Watanabe et al. [32] | Japan | 08/2007-08/2021 | R | 58 | - | 42/16 | PHC | Surgery | PMI (OS) | CT, L3 | < 6.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 3.9 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Taniai et al. [40] | Japan | 01/2007-12/2019 | R | 41 | 63 (55–68)c | 21/20 | ICC | Surgery | PMA (OS) | CT, L3 | < 31.5 cm2 in males and < 14.9 cm2 in females | 7 | |
| Miki et al. [39] | Japan | 01/2008-06/2022 | R | 71 | 68.3 ± 8.6a | 46/25 | ICC | Surgery | PMI (OS, RFS), SMD (OS, RFS) | CT, L3 | PMI: < 6.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 3.9 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: -0.0215 | 6 | |
| Lacaze et al. [37] | France | 01/2004-11/2016 | R | 91 | - | - | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS), SAI (OS), VAI (OS) | CT, L3, ImageJ® software | SMI: < 52.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 38.5 cm2/m2 in females; SAI: < 50 cm²/m²; VAI: < 50 cm²/m² | 7 | |
| Lurje et al. [38] | Germany | 03/2010-12/2020 | R | 173 | 65 (23–83)b | 86/87 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (PMC), SMD (OS) | CT, L3, semi-automatically with 3D Slicer | SMI: < 52.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 38.5 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: < 41 HU in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 33 HU in patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 8 | |
| Jung et al. [36] | Korea | 11/2005-06/2022 | R | 317 | 65.6 ± 9.0a | 202/115 | PHC | Surgery | PMI (PMC) | CT, L3, Aquarius iNtuition Viewer | < 6.7 cm2/m2 in males and < 3.4 cm2/m2 in females | 8 | |
| Hayashi et al. [35] | Japan | 01/2013-12/2019 | R | 89 | - | 55/34 | PHC | Surgery | PMI (OS, RFS) | CT, L3, SYNAPSE VINCENT software | < 6.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 3.9 cm2/m2 in females | 7 | |
| Asai et al. [34] | Japan | 01/2008-12/2018 | R | 456 | 69d | 308/148 | PHC | Surgery | PMI (OS, PMC), SMD (OS) | CT, L3, | SMI: < 6.4 cm2/m2 in males and < 4.7 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: < 40.6 HU in male and < 35.4 HU in females | 8 | |
| Yasuta et al. [33] | Japan | 05/2006-06/2017 | R | 65 | 70 (39–81)b | 38/27 | PHC | Surgery | SMI (OS, RFS) | CT, L3, SYNAPSE VINCENT software | < 43 cm2/m2 in male and < 41 cm2/m2 in female in patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 53 cm2/m2 in male in patients with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 6 | |
| Zhao et al. [41] | China | 07/2015-07/2021 | R | 302 | 63 (57–69)c | 151/151 | ICC | Surgery | SMI (OS, RFS, PMC), SMD (OS, PFS) | CT, L3, Image J software | SMI: < 53.5 cm2/m2 in males and < 39.9 cm2/m2 in females; SMD: < 41 HU in patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 and < 33 HU in patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 8 |
R, retrospective study; P, prospective study; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma, PHC, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma; ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; DCC, distal cholangiocarcinoma; PMC, postoperative major complications; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SMD, skeletal muscle density; PMI, psoas muscle index; SAI, subcutaneous adipose index; VAI, visceral adipose index; OS, overall survival; RFS, relapse-free survival; L3, third lumbar vertebra
aMean ± standard deviation; bmedians with ranges; cmedian and interquartile range; dmedians